ज़िंदगी के इस मोड़ पर रूजवेल्ट की मानसिक स्थिति को देखें—तो वे खुद को बूढ़ा महसूस कर रहे थे। वे 53 साल के थे, और खुद को अकेला तथा गैर-जरूरी मान रहे थे। लेकिन अचानक, वे इस चुनाव अभियान में कूद पड़ते हैं, और यह जन-कल्याण के लिए एक धर्मयुद्ध बन जाता है। आखिरकार इस अभियान में उनका जोश देखने लायक होता है, पर उन्हें अहसास होता है कि उनका मुकाबला उन्हीं पुरानी दलीय चालों से है जिनका इस्तेमाल वे खुद कभी किया करते थे, और इसलिए उन्हें आम जनता को इस लड़ाई में शामिल करना ही पड़ता है। वे बेहद तीखे और उग्र तेवरों से जनता में ऐसा जोश भरते हैं कि लोग सड़कों पर उतर आते हैं और उनका साथ देने लगते हैं।
To picture Roosevelt as a man at this time in his life - he felt he was old. He was 53 years old, feeling lonely and irrelevant. And all of a sudden, he takes on this campaign, and it becomes a crusade for popular government. And he ultimately goes on fire in the campaign, but he discovers he's up against all the old machine tactics that he used to use himself, and he has to let the public get involved. And he energizes the public through the most extreme kind of rhetoric, which truly brings him into the streets and onto his side.
To picture Roosevelt as a man at this time in his life - he felt he was old. He was 53 years old, feeling lonely and irrelevant. And all of a sudden, he takes on this campaign, and it becomes a crusade for popular government. And he ultimately goes on fire in the campaign, but he discovers he's up against all the old machine tactics that he used to use himself, and he has to let the public get involved. And he energizes the public through the most extreme kind of rhetoric, which truly brings him into the streets and onto his side.
जैसे कैनेडी के मामले में, वे एक कैथोलिक थे। और अल स्मिथ के चुनाव के बाद लोगों को लगता था कि संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में कोई कैथोलिक कभी नहीं जीत सकता। लेकिन जब उन्होंने वेस्ट वर्जीनिया में जीत हासिल की, तो उन्होंने साबित कर दिया कि एक कैथोलिक, भारी-भरकम प्रोटेस्टेंट राज्य में भी जीत दर्ज कर सकता है।
So, in Kennedy's case, he was a Catholic. And people thought after the Al Smith election and so forth that a Catholic couldn't win in the United States. But when he was able to win in West Virginia, he proved that a Catholic could win, even in a heavily Protestant state.
So, in Kennedy's case, he was a Catholic. And people thought after the Al Smith election and so forth that a Catholic couldn't win in the United States. But when he was able to win in West Virginia, he proved that a Catholic could win, even in a heavily Protestant state.
और इस तरह कई सारी बुरी बातें भी सामने आती हैं। इस चुनाव में, अगर आपको लगता है कि किसी ऐसे इंसान को उम्मीदवार नहीं बनाया जाना चाहिए जिसे आप नापसंद करते हैं, अगर आपको लगता है कि इस अभियान का स्तर बहुत गिर गया है जो कि बेहद डरावना है, अगर आपको लगता है कि इससे दुनिया भर में अमेरिका की ऐसी छवि बन रही है जो देश के लिए शर्मनाक है और दुनिया भर में नुकसान पहुँचा रही है, तो आप कह सकते हैं कि यह सब बहुत भयानक है। लेकिन ज़रा सोचिए—तो फिर इसका दूसरा पहलू क्या है?
And so there are a lot of bad things. And in this campaign, if there's somebody you don't think should be nominated, if you think there's a coarseness to the campaign that's horrible, if you think it's creating voices around the world that seem to speak for America and damages in the world, you may say it's pretty horrible. On the other hand - what's the reverse?
And so there are a lot of bad things. And in this campaign, if there's somebody you don't think should be nominated, if you think there's a coarseness to the campaign that's horrible, if you think it's creating voices around the world that seem to speak for America and damages in the world, you may say it's pretty horrible. On the other hand - what's the reverse?
आप जानते ही हैं, चुनाव की यह प्राथमिक प्रक्रिया अपने आप में बहुत उलझन भरी है। लेकिन आखिरकार, मुझे लगता है कि विंस्टन चर्चिल की बात सही थी कि लोकतंत्र शासन की सबसे बुरी प्रणाली है, बशर्ते बाकी सभी को छोड़ दिया जाए। और उनकी यह बात, जिसे मैं पहले बहुत पैना और सटीक समझता था, हाल ही में मुझे कुछ इस तरह से समझ आई है कि, देखिए भाई, वे यह भी तो कह रहे हैं कि यह शासन की सबसे बुरी प्रणाली है—बाकी सभी को छोड़कर।
You know, the primary process itself is very confusing. But in the end, I guess I believe what Winston Churchill said, which is that democracy is the worst form of government except for all the others. And that phrase of his, which I always have previously thought to be kind of acute, more recently I've thought of it in this way, to say well, you know what, he's also saying it's the worst form of government - except for all of the others.
You know, the primary process itself is very confusing. But in the end, I guess I believe what Winston Churchill said, which is that democracy is the worst form of government except for all the others. And that phrase of his, which I always have previously thought to be kind of acute, more recently I've thought of it in this way, to say well, you know what, he's also saying it's the worst form of government - except for all of the others.
लेकिन वह [फ्रैंकलिन रूजवेल्ट] खास तौर पर गहरे दक्षिण राज्यों से अश्वेतों की किसी भी तरह की भागीदारी पर रोक लगा देते हैं, जिससे वे लोग आगबबूला हो जाते हैं जो कभी उनके समर्थक हुआ करते थे, जो उन पर भरोसा करते थे और जिन्हें लगता था कि उन्होंने जनता के हुकूमत करने के अधिकार को बेहद चौंकाने वाले तरीके से ताक पर रख दिया है। इस लिहाज से यह एक बेहद निराशाजनक कहानी है।
But he [Franklin Roosevelt] specifically prohibits any black participation from the Deep South, something which just infuriates people who'd been his supporters and who'd believed in him and resides that he is just shockingly abandoned the right of the people to rule. It's a pretty horrible story in that respect.
But he [Franklin Roosevelt] specifically prohibits any black participation from the Deep South, something which just infuriates people who'd been his supporters and who'd believed in him and resides that he is just shockingly abandoned the right of the people to rule. It's a pretty horrible story in that respect.
जब अंततः उन्हें [फ्रैंकलिन रूजवेल्ट] रिपब्लिकन पार्टी का टिकट नहीं मिलता और वे अपनी नई 'बुल मूज पार्टी' बनाने का फैसला करते हैं, तब वे देश के बाकी हिस्सों से अश्वेत प्रतिनिधियों को पहली बार पार्टी में शामिल होने की अनुमति देते हैं।
When he [Franklin Roosevelt] ultimately does not get the Republican Party nomination and decides to start his new Bull Moose Party, he does, for the first time, let black delegates be part of the party from elsewhere in the country.
When he [Franklin Roosevelt] ultimately does not get the Republican Party nomination and decides to start his new Bull Moose Party, he does, for the first time, let black delegates be part of the party from elsewhere in the country.
मुझे लगता है कि रूजवेल्ट इस किताब में खुद को सबसे मंझे हुए और ताकतवर राजनेता के रूप में साबित करते हैं। वे तब तक प्राइमरी चुनावों के पक्ष में नहीं थे जब तक उन्हें यह समझ नहीं आया कि मौजूदा राष्ट्रपति को चुनौती देने का यही इकलौता रास्ता है; फिर प्राइमरी चुनाव कराना और जनता को शासन की बागडोर सौंपना ही उनका सबसे बड़ा मिशन बन जाता है।
I think Roosevelt proves himself to be the ultimate political force in this book. He really wasn't for primaries until he realized it was the only way in which he could challenge a sitting president then it becomes his crusade, is to create the primaries and to call for the people to rule.
I think Roosevelt proves himself to be the ultimate political force in this book. He really wasn't for primaries until he realized it was the only way in which he could challenge a sitting president then it becomes his crusade, is to create the primaries and to call for the people to rule.
और ज़ाहिर है, बराक ओबामा के मामले में भी, अगर वे प्राइमरी चुनाव न जीतते—और खासकर आयोवा के उस बेहद अहम कॉकस में जीत हासिल न करते—अगर जनता ने यह न दिखाया होता कि वे एक अश्वेत राष्ट्रपति चुनने के लिए तैयार हैं, तो आज हमारे पास ओबामा नहीं होते।
And of course, in the case of Barack Obama, had he not won primaries - and particularly the heavily important caucus in Iowa - if the public hadn't shown that they were prepared to vote for a black president, we wouldn't have one today.
And of course, in the case of Barack Obama, had he not won primaries - and particularly the heavily important caucus in Iowa - if the public hadn't shown that they were prepared to vote for a black president, we wouldn't have one today.
रेगन के बारे में लोगों का कहना था कि वे राष्ट्रपति पद की दौड़ और चुनाव लड़ने के लिए बहुत बुजुर्ग हैं। लेकिन प्राथमिक चुनावों के दौरान उन्होंने खुद को इतने ऊर्जावान प्रचारक के रूप में साबित किया कि लोगों की ये धारणाएं गलत साबित हो गईं।
Reagan, people claimed, was too old to run for president and to be elected. But he proved himself such a vigorous campaigner in the primary system that he overcame those beliefs.
Reagan, people claimed, was too old to run for president and to be elected. But he proved himself such a vigorous campaigner in the primary system that he overcame those beliefs.
इसके विपरीत, एक ऐसी व्यवस्था है जिसमें आप मूल रूप से उन लोगों को निर्णय लेने की छूट देते हैं जो किसी न किसी रूप में नेता रहे हैं—जिन्हें कभी पार्टी बॉस कहकर आलोचना की जाती है, जो किसी खास वर्ग के हितैषी होते हैं। और मुझे लगता है कि यह व्यवस्था हमारी मौजूदा व्यवस्था से भी बदतर है।
The reverse is a system in which you basically let people who were leaders in one way or another - people sometimes decried as party bosses, people who are part of special interests make the decision. And I think that's a worse system than the one we have.
The reverse is a system in which you basically let people who were leaders in one way or another - people sometimes decried as party bosses, people who are part of special interests make the decision. And I think that's a worse system than the one we have.