जो शिक्षक अपनी शिक्षा को गंभीरता से नहीं लेते, जो अध्ययन नहीं करते, और समय के साथ खुद को अपडेट रखने की बहुत कम कोशिश करते हैं, उनके पास कक्षा की गतिविधियों का मार्गदर्शन करने का कोई नैतिक अधिकार नहीं है।
Teachers who do not take their own education seriously, who do not study, who make little effort to keep abreast of events have no moral authority to coordinate the activities of the classroom.
Teachers who do not take their own education seriously, who do not study, who make little effort to keep abreast of events have no moral authority to coordinate the activities of the classroom.
शिक्षा की शुरुआत शिक्षक-छात्र के बीच के विरोधाभास को सुलझाने से होनी चाहिए, यानी उस अंतराल को पाटना चाहिए ताकि दोनों एक ही समय में शिक्षक और छात्र दोनों हों।
Education must begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by reconciling the poles of the contradiction so that both are simultaneously teachers and students.
Education must begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by reconciling the poles of the contradiction so that both are simultaneously teachers and students.
यहाँ इस बात को दोहराना गलत नहीं होगा—जिसे इसके बिल्कुल स्पष्ट होने के बावजूद कई लोग अभी भी नकारते हैं—कि शिक्षा एक राजनीतिक प्रक्रिया है।
It doesnt hurt to repeat here the statement, still rejected by many people in spite of its obviousness, that education is a political act.
It doesnt hurt to repeat here the statement, still rejected by many people in spite of its obviousness, that education is a political act.
कोई भी इंसान तब तक पूरी तरह मानवीय नहीं हो सकता जब तक वह दूसरों को मानवीय होने से रोकता है।
No one can be authentically human while he prevents others from being so.
No one can be authentically human while he prevents others from being so.
समस्या-आधारित शिक्षा में, लोग दुनिया में अपने होने के तरीके को गहराई और आलोचनात्मक नजरिए से समझने की अपनी शक्ति को विकसित करते हैं; वे दुनिया को एक स्थिर सच्चाई के रूप में नहीं, बल्कि एक ऐसी सच्चाई के रूप में देखना सीखते हैं जो प्रक्रिया में है, बदल रही है।
In problem-posing education, people develop their power to perceive critically the way they exist in the world with which and in which they find themselves; they come to see the world not as a static reality, but as a reality in process, in transformation.
In problem-posing education, people develop their power to perceive critically the way they exist in the world with which and in which they find themselves; they come to see the world not as a static reality, but as a reality in process, in transformation.
मुक्ति दिलाने वाली शिक्षा ज्ञान के लेन-देन का नहीं, बल्कि बोध और समझ का कार्य है।
Liberating education consists in acts of cognition, not transferrals of information
Liberating education consists in acts of cognition, not transferrals of information
शक्तिशालियों और शक्तिहीनों के बीच के संघर्ष में तटस्थ रहने का मतलब है—शक्तिशाली का पक्ष लेना, न कि निष्पक्ष होना।
Washing one's hands of the conflict between the powerful and the powerless means to side with the powerful, not to be neutral.
Washing one's hands of the conflict between the powerful and the powerless means to side with the powerful, not to be neutral.
मैं तब तक एक शिक्षक नहीं हो सकता जब तक मैं यह न दिखाऊँ कि मैं वास्तव में कौन हूँ।
I cannot be a teacher without exposing who I am.
I cannot be a teacher without exposing who I am.
मानव अस्तित्व मूक नहीं हो सकता, और न ही इसे झूठे शब्दों से सींचा जा सकता है, बल्कि यह केवल सच्चे शब्दों से पोषित होता है, जिनसे लोग दुनिया को बदलते हैं। इंसान होने का मतलब है—दुनिया को एक नाम देना, उसे बदलना। एक बार नाम दिए जाने के बाद, वह दुनिया नाम देने वालों के सामने एक नई चुनौती बनकर लौटती है और उनसे एक नए नाम की मांग करती है। इंसान खामोशी में नहीं, बल्कि अपने शब्दों, अपने काम और अपने कर्म-विचार (एक्शन-रिफ्लेक्शन) से बनते हैं।
Human existence cannot be silent, nor can it be nourished by false words, but only by true words, with which people transform the world. To exist, humanly, is to name the world, to change it. Once named, the world in its turn reappears to the namers as a problem and requires of them a new naming. People are not built in silence, but in word, in work, in action-reflection.
Human existence cannot be silent, nor can it be nourished by false words, but only by true words, with which people transform the world. To exist, humanly, is to name the world, to change it. Once named, the world in its turn reappears to the namers as a problem and requires of them a new naming. People are not built in silence, but in word, in work, in action-reflection.
यदि व्यवस्था संवाद की अनुमति नहीं देती है, तो उस व्यवस्था को बदला जाना चाहिए
If the structure does not permit dialogue the structure must be changed
If the structure does not permit dialogue the structure must be changed
कभी-कभी एक शिक्षक का एक छोटा सा, लगभग अनकहा इशारा भी छात्र के जीवन पर गहरा और निर्णायक प्रभाव डाल सकता है।
Sometimes a simple, almost insignificant gesture on the part of a teacher can have a profound formative effect on the life of a student.
Sometimes a simple, almost insignificant gesture on the part of a teacher can have a profound formative effect on the life of a student.
विनम्रता के बिना संवाद का कोई अस्तित्व नहीं हो सकता।
Dialogue cannot exist without humility.
Dialogue cannot exist without humility.
शब्द के भीतर दो आयाम होते हैं—चिंतन (विचार) और कर्म। यदि इनमें से एक की भी उपेक्षा की जाए, तो दूसरा तुरंत प्रभावित होता है। एक सच्चा शब्द बोलना ही दुनिया को बदलना है।
Within the word we find two dimensions-reflection and action. If one is sacrificed even in part, the other immediately suffers. To speak a true word is to transform the world.
Within the word we find two dimensions-reflection and action. If one is sacrificed even in part, the other immediately suffers. To speak a true word is to transform the world.
सिद्धांत और व्यवहार के बीच के रिश्ते के लिए अपने काम पर आलोचनात्मक नजर से विचार करना जरूरी है। वरना सिद्धांत महज "बकवास" बनकर रह जाता है और व्यवहार सिर्फ कोरा दिखावा।
Critical reflection on practice is a requirement of the relationship between theory and practice. Otherwise theory becomes simply "blah, blah, blah, " and practice, pure activism.
Critical reflection on practice is a requirement of the relationship between theory and practice. Otherwise theory becomes simply "blah, blah, blah, " and practice, pure activism.
...शिक्षण ज्ञान को शिक्षक से छात्र तक पहुँचाने की प्रक्रिया नहीं हो सकता। यह वह यांत्रिक हस्तांतरण है जिससे यंत्रवत रटने की आदत पैदा होती है, जिसकी मैं पहले भी आलोचना कर चुका हूँ। आलोचनात्मक अध्ययन ऐसे शिक्षण से जुड़ा होता है जो खुद भी उतना ही आलोचनात्मक हो; और इसके लिए यह जरूरी है कि हम शब्द और दुनिया दोनों को, तथा पाठ (टेक्स्ट) और संदर्भ (कॉन्टेक्स्ट) दोनों को गहराई से समझने और पढ़ने का आलोचनात्मक तरीका अपनाएँ।
... teaching cannot be a process of transference of knowledge from the one teaching to the learner. This is the mechanical transference from which results machinelike memorization, which I have already criticized. Critical study correlates with teaching that is equally critical, which necessarily demands a critical way of comprehending and of realizing the reading of the word and that of the world, the reading of text and of context.
... teaching cannot be a process of transference of knowledge from the one teaching to the learner. This is the mechanical transference from which results machinelike memorization, which I have already criticized. Critical study correlates with teaching that is equally critical, which necessarily demands a critical way of comprehending and of realizing the reading of the word and that of the world, the reading of text and of context.
ऐसी कोई भी स्थिति जिसमें कुछ लोग दूसरों को सवाल पूछने या तलाश करने से रोकते हैं, वह हिंसा है; ...मनुष्यों को उनके अपने फैसले लेने के अधिकार से वंचित करना उन्हें एक वस्तु में बदल देना है।
Any situation in which some men prevent others from engaging in the process of inquiry is one of violence;… to alienate humans from their own decision making is to change them into objects.
Any situation in which some men prevent others from engaging in the process of inquiry is one of violence;… to alienate humans from their own decision making is to change them into objects.
हेरफेर (मैनिपुलेशन) के तरीकों में से एक तरीका यह है कि व्यक्तियों के मन में व्यक्तिगत सफलता की पूँजीवादी भूख भर दी जाए।
One of the methods of manipulation is to inoculate individuals with the bourgeois appetite for personal success.
One of the methods of manipulation is to inoculate individuals with the bourgeois appetite for personal success.
सच्ची उदारता इसी में है कि उन कारणों को नेस्तनाबूद करने के लिए संघर्ष किया जाए जो झूठी दान-दया को जन्म देते हैं। झूठी दानशीलता डरे हुए, दबे हुए और "समाज के ठुकराए हुए लोगों" को अपनी काँपती हुई हथेलियाँ फैलाने पर मजबूर करती है। सच्ची उदारता इस बात के लिए प्रयास करने में है कि इन हाथों—चाहे वे किसी व्यक्ति के हों या पूरे समाज के—को भीख के लिए कम से कम फैलाना पड़े, ताकि वे अधिक से अधिक ऐसे इंसानी हाथ बन सकें जो काम करें और काम करते हुए इस दुनिया को बदल दें।
True generosity consists precisely in fighting to destroy the causes which nourish false charity. False charity constrains the fearful and subdued, the "rejects of life," to extend their trembling hands. True generosity lies in striving so that these hands--whether of individuals or entire peoples--need be extended less and less in supplication, so that more and more they become human hands which work and, working, transform the world.
True generosity consists precisely in fighting to destroy the causes which nourish false charity. False charity constrains the fearful and subdued, the "rejects of life," to extend their trembling hands. True generosity lies in striving so that these hands--whether of individuals or entire peoples--need be extended less and less in supplication, so that more and more they become human hands which work and, working, transform the world.
शिक्षक का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह तटस्थ न रहे।
The educator has the duty of not being neutral.
The educator has the duty of not being neutral.
अनुभव हमें सिखाता है कि यह मानकर न चलें कि जो बात स्पष्ट है, वह हर किसी को समझ आ भी गई होगी
Experience teaches us not to assume that the obvious is clearly understood
Experience teaches us not to assume that the obvious is clearly understood
उत्पीड़ितों को बिना उनकी अपनी सोच और भागीदारी के आज़ाद कराने की कोशिश करने का मतलब है—उन्हें बेजान वस्तु समझना जिन्हें जलती हुई इमारत से खींचकर बाहर निकालना है।
Attempting to liberate the oppressed without their reflective participation in the act of liberation is to treat them as objects that must be saved from a burning building.
Attempting to liberate the oppressed without their reflective participation in the act of liberation is to treat them as objects that must be saved from a burning building.
वास्तव में, बिना सीखे कोई शिक्षण हो ही नहीं सकता।
There is, in fact, no teaching without learning.
There is, in fact, no teaching without learning.
विद्यार्थी अपने भीतर जितनी अधिक जानकारी जमा करते जाते हैं, वे उतनी ही कम उस आलोचनात्मक चेतना को विकसित कर पाते हैं जो दुनिया को बदलने वाले के रूप में उनके अपने प्रयासों से पैदा होती है। वे अपने ऊपर थोपी गई इस निष्क्रिय भूमिका को जितने अधिक और पूरी तरह से स्वीकार कर लेते हैं, वे दुनिया को वैसे ही स्वीकार करने और वास्तविकता के खंडित नजरिए को चुपचाप अपना लेने की ओर उतने ही अधिक प्रवृत्त होते जाते हैं।
The more students work at storing the deposits entrusted to them, the less they develop the critical consciousness which would result from their intervention in the world as transformers of that world. The more completely they accept the passive role impressed on them, the more they tend simply to adapt to the world as it is and to the fragmented view of reality deposited in them.
The more students work at storing the deposits entrusted to them, the less they develop the critical consciousness which would result from their intervention in the world as transformers of that world. The more completely they accept the passive role impressed on them, the more they tend simply to adapt to the world as it is and to the fragmented view of reality deposited in them.
उत्पीड़क अपने पास सब कुछ होने के एकाधिकार को एक ऐसे विशेषाधिकार के रूप में नहीं देखते जो दूसरों और खुद उन्हें अमानवीय बना रहा है। वे यह देख ही नहीं पाते कि एक मालकियत रखने वाले वर्ग के रूप में अपने स्वार्थी उद्देश्यों को पूरा करने में, वे अपनी ही संपत्ति के बोझ से घुट रहे हैं और अब वे इंसान नहीं रहे; उनके पास बस चीजें बची हैं, उनका अपना वजूद खत्म हो चुका है।
The oppressors do not perceive their monopoly on having more as a privilege which dehumanizes others and themselves. They cannot see that, in the egoistic pursuit of having as a possessing class, they suffocate in their own possessions and no longer are; they merely have.
The oppressors do not perceive their monopoly on having more as a privilege which dehumanizes others and themselves. They cannot see that, in the egoistic pursuit of having as a possessing class, they suffocate in their own possessions and no longer are; they merely have.
प्रेम साहस का एक कार्य है।
Love is an act of courage.
Love is an act of courage.
आपसी मेल-जोल और भाईचारे में रहने वाले लोग एक-दूसरे को आज़ाद कराते हैं।
People in communion liberate each other.
People in communion liberate each other.
जनता का नेताओं पर विश्वास इस बात को दर्शाता है कि नेताओं का जनता पर कितना भरोसा है।
The trust of the people in the leaders reflects the confidence of the leaders in the people.
The trust of the people in the leaders reflects the confidence of the leaders in the people.
पढ़ने का मतलब शब्दों पर सरसरी तौर पर चलना नहीं है, बल्कि उनकी आत्मा को आत्मसात करना है।
Reading is not walking on the words; it's grasping the soul of them.
Reading is not walking on the words; it's grasping the soul of them.
क्या हो अगर हमें यह अहसास हो कि हमारी जीने की मौजूदा शैली, एक पूर्ण इंसान बनने के हमारे उद्देश्य के बिलकुल विपरीत है?
What if we discover that our present way of life is irreconcilable with our vocation to become fully human?
What if we discover that our present way of life is irreconcilable with our vocation to become fully human?
जैसा कि स्वाभाविक है, सत्तावाद कभी-कभी बच्चों और विद्यार्थियों को विद्रोही बना देता है जो किसी भी सीमा, अनुशासन या अधिकार को मानने से इनकार कर देते हैं। लेकिन इसके साथ ही यह उदासीनता, अत्यधिक आज्ञਾकारिता, बिना सोचे-समझे हर बात मान लेने की प्रवृत्ति, सत्तावादी प्रवृत्तियों के खिलाफ आवाज न उठाना, खुद को पूरी तरह मिटा देना और स्वतंत्रता के डर को भी जन्म देता है।
As one might expect, authoritarianism will at times cause children and students to adopt rebellious positions, defiant of any limit, discipline, or authority. But it will also lead to apathy, excessive obedience, uncritical conformity, lack of resistance against authoritarian discourse, self-abnegation, and fear of freedom.
As one might expect, authoritarianism will at times cause children and students to adopt rebellious positions, defiant of any limit, discipline, or authority. But it will also lead to apathy, excessive obedience, uncritical conformity, lack of resistance against authoritarian discourse, self-abnegation, and fear of freedom.
लेकिन दुनिया और उसके लोगों के प्रति गहरे प्रेम के बिना संवाद संभव नहीं है।
Dialogue cannot exist, however, in the absence of a profound love for the world and its people.
Dialogue cannot exist, however, in the absence of a profound love for the world and its people.
व्यक्ति जितना अधिक क्रांतिकारी होता है, वह उतनी ही गहराई से वास्तविकता से जुड़ता है ताकि उसे बेहतर ढंग से समझकर उसमें बदलाव ला सके। ऐसा इंसान सच्चाई का सामना करने, सुनने और दुनिया को उसके असल रूप में देखने से डरता नहीं है। वह लोगों से मिलने या उनसे संवाद करने से नहीं कतराता। वह खुद को इतिहास या सभी इंसानों का मालिक नहीं समझता, और न ही खुद को शोषितों का मसीहा मानता है; बल्कि वह इतिहास के दायरे में रहकर उनके साथ कंधे से कंधा मिलाकर संघर्ष करने की प्रतिबद्धता रखता है।
[T]he more radical the person is, the more fully he or she enters into reality so that, knowing it better, he or she can transform it. This individual is not afraid to confront, to listen, to see the world unveiled. This person is not afraid to meet the people or to enter into a dialogue with them. This person does not consider himself or herself the proprietor of history or of all people, or the liberator of the oppressed; but he or she does commit himself or herself, within history, to fight at their side.
[T]he more radical the person is, the more fully he or she enters into reality so that, knowing it better, he or she can transform it. This individual is not afraid to confront, to listen, to see the world unveiled. This person is not afraid to meet the people or to enter into a dialogue with them. This person does not consider himself or herself the proprietor of history or of all people, or the liberator of the oppressed; but he or she does commit himself or herself, within history, to fight at their side.
थोड़ी सी भी उम्मीद के बिना, हम संघर्ष की शुरुआत तक नहीं कर सकते।
Without a minimum of hope, we cannot so much as start the struggle.
Without a minimum of hope, we cannot so much as start the struggle.
कोई भी वास्तविकता अपने आप नहीं बदलती।
No reality transforms itself.
No reality transforms itself.
एक शिक्षक के रूप में मैंने जिस रास्ते पर चलने की कोशिश की है, वह यह है: अपने विश्वासों के साथ जीना; ज्ञान की प्रक्रिया के प्रति खुले रहना और शिक्षण के अनुभव को एक कला के रूप में महसूस करना; उन चुनौतियों से आगे बढ़ते रहना जो मेरी शिक्षण पद्धति को एक बंधे-बंधाई और नीरस दफ्तरशाही बनने से रोकती हैं; अपनी सीमाओं को स्वीकार करना, पर साथ ही उन्हें पार करने के लिए हमेशा प्रयासरत रहना और यह समझना कि मैं अपनी कमियों को छिपा नहीं सकता, क्योंकि ऐसा करना मेरे विद्यार्थियों और एक शिक्षक के रूप में मेरे खुद के प्रति भी बेईमानी होगी।
This is the road I have tried to follow as a teacher: living my convictions; being open to the process of knowing and being sensitive to the experience of teaching as an art; being pushed forward by the challenges that prevent me from bureaucratizing my practice; accepting my limitations, yet always conscious of the necessary effort to overcome them and aware that I cannot hide them because to do so would be a failure to respect both my students and myself as a teacher.
This is the road I have tried to follow as a teacher: living my convictions; being open to the process of knowing and being sensitive to the experience of teaching as an art; being pushed forward by the challenges that prevent me from bureaucratizing my practice; accepting my limitations, yet always conscious of the necessary effort to overcome them and aware that I cannot hide them because to do so would be a failure to respect both my students and myself as a teacher.
दमन, शोषण और अत्याचार का हर रिश्ता अपने आप में हिंसक होता है, चाहे वह हिंसा किसी क्रूर रूप में सामने आए या न आए। ऐसे रिश्ते में शोषक और शोषित दोनों ही महज एक वस्तु बनकर रह जाते हैं—शोषक अपनी अत्यधिक शक्ति के अहंकार में अमानवीय हो जाता है, और शोषित शक्तिहीनता के कारण। और वस्तुएं प्रेम नहीं कर सकतीं।
Every relationship of domination, of exploitation, of oppression is by definition violent, whether or not the violence is expressed by drastic means. In such a relationship, dominator and dominated alike are reduced to things- the former dehumanized by an excess of power, the latter by a lack of it. And things cannot love.
Every relationship of domination, of exploitation, of oppression is by definition violent, whether or not the violence is expressed by drastic means. In such a relationship, dominator and dominated alike are reduced to things- the former dehumanized by an excess of power, the latter by a lack of it. And things cannot love.
शब्दों को पढ़ना और उन्हें लिखना सीखने से पहले, जिससे कि इंसान बाद में पढ़ सके, जरूरी यह है कि वह दुनिया को पढ़ना सीखे—यानी दुनिया को बदलने और उसे करीब से महसूस करने का अनुभव प्राप्त करे।
Reading the word and learning how to write the word so one can later read it are preceded by learning how to write the world, that is having the experience of changing the world and touching the world.
Reading the word and learning how to write the word so one can later read it are preceded by learning how to write the world, that is having the experience of changing the world and touching the world.
सबसे पहली भाषा शारीरिक भाषा थी, और चूँकि यह भाषा सवालों की भाषा होती है, इसलिए यदि हम अपने सवालों को सीमित कर देते हैं, और यदि हम केवल बोली या लिखी गई भाषा पर ही ध्यान देते या उसे महत्व देते हैं, तो हम मानवीय संवाद के एक बहुत बड़े दायरे को खारिज कर रहे होते हैं।
The earliest language was body language and, since this language is the language of questions, if we limit the questions, and if we only pay attention to or place values on spoken or written language, then we are ruling out a large area of human language.
The earliest language was body language and, since this language is the language of questions, if we limit the questions, and if we only pay attention to or place values on spoken or written language, then we are ruling out a large area of human language.
हम जितना अधिक दोबारा बच्चा बन पाते हैं, अपने भीतर के बच्चे को जिंदा रख पाते हैं, उतना ही हम यह समझ पाते हैं कि चूँकि हम दुनिया से प्रेम करते हैं और चीजों को समझने के लिए खुले दिल के होते हैं, इसलिए जब हम अपने भीतर के बच्चे को मार देते हैं, तो हम खुद भी खत्म हो जाते हैं।
The more we become able to become a child again, to keep ourselves childlike, the more we can understand that because we love the world and we are open to understanding, to comprehension, that when we kill the child in us, we are no longer.
The more we become able to become a child again, to keep ourselves childlike, the more we can understand that because we love the world and we are open to understanding, to comprehension, that when we kill the child in us, we are no longer.
इंसानों का अधूरापन और वास्तविकता का निरंतर बदलते रहना यह अनिवार्य बनाता है कि शिक्षा एक कभी न खत्म होने वाली प्रक्रिया हो।
The unfinished character of human beings and the transformational character of reality necessitate that education be an ongoing activity.
The unfinished character of human beings and the transformational character of reality necessitate that education be an ongoing activity.
शोषित लोग, मुक्ति के लिए संघर्ष करने के बजाय, अक्सर खुद ही शोषक बनने की चाह रखने लगते हैं।
The oppressed, instead of striving for liberation, tend themselves to become oppressors.
The oppressed, instead of striving for liberation, tend themselves to become oppressors.
सिखाना, सीखने की प्रक्रिया का एक अनिवार्य हिस्सा है।
To teach is part of the very fabric of learning.
To teach is part of the very fabric of learning.
शोषितों को अपनी मुक्ति के लिए संघर्ष करने के वास्ते, दमन की वास्तविकता को किसी ऐसी बंद गली के रूप में नहीं देखना चाहिए जहाँ से कोई रास्ता न हो, बल्कि एक ऐसी बाधा के रूप में देखना चाहिए जिसे वे खुद बदल सकते हैं।
In order for the oppressed to be able to wage the struggle for their liberation, they must perceive the reality of oppression not as a closed world from which there is no exit , but as a limiting situation which they can transform.
In order for the oppressed to be able to wage the struggle for their liberation, they must perceive the reality of oppression not as a closed world from which there is no exit , but as a limiting situation which they can transform.
जबकि ‘बैंकिंग शिक्षा’ (रटंत प्रणाली) सृजनात्मक शक्ति को सुन्न और कुंठित कर देती है, वहीं ‘समस्या-आधारित शिक्षा’ वास्तविकता को लगातार नए नजरिए से सामने लाती है। पहली पद्धति चेतना को दबाए रखने की कोशिश करती है, जबकि दूसरी चेतना को जागृत करने और वास्तविकता में सकारात्मक हस्तक्षेप करने के लिए प्रेरित करती है।
Whereas banking education anesthetizes and inhibits creative power, problem-posing education involves a constant unveiling of reality. The former attempts to maintain the submersion of consciousness; the latter strives for the emergence of consciousness and critical intervention in reality.
Whereas banking education anesthetizes and inhibits creative power, problem-posing education involves a constant unveiling of reality. The former attempts to maintain the submersion of consciousness; the latter strives for the emergence of consciousness and critical intervention in reality.
अतीत को देखना केवल यह स्पष्ट रूप से समझने का एक साधन होना चाहिए कि वे कौन हैं और क्या हैं, ताकि वे अधिक समझदारी से अपने भविष्य का निर्माण कर सकें।
Looking at the past must only be a means of understanding more clearly what and who they are so that they can more wisely build the future.
Looking at the past must only be a means of understanding more clearly what and who they are so that they can more wisely build the future.
अपनी "उदारता" का दिखावा जारी रखने के लिए शोषकों के लिए यह जरूरी है कि वे अन्याय को भी बनाए रखें।
In order to have the continued opportunity to express their "generosity" the oppressors must perpetuate injustice as well.
In order to have the continued opportunity to express their "generosity" the oppressors must perpetuate injustice as well.
शोषक ऐसे कई तरीके विकसित करते हैं जो दुनिया को एक समस्या के रूप में देखने से रोकते हैं, और इसके बजाय इसे एक अटल सच्चाई के रूप में दिखाते हैं—एक ऐसी तयशुदा चीज के रूप में जिसे इंसान सिर्फ एक मूकदर्शक बनकर स्वीकार कर ले।
The oppressors develop a series of methods precluding any presentation of the world as a problem and showing it rather as a fixed entity, as something given--something to which people, as mere spectators, must adapt.
The oppressors develop a series of methods precluding any presentation of the world as a problem and showing it rather as a fixed entity, as something given--something to which people, as mere spectators, must adapt.
सहिष्णु होने का मतलब असहनीय बातों को चुपचाप स्वीकार करना नहीं है; इसका मतलब अनादर पर पर्दा डालना नहीं है; इसका मतलब अत्याचारी को लाड़-प्यार देना या अत्याचार को छिपाना नहीं है। सहिष्णुता वह गुण है जो हमें अलग-अलग स्वभाव और विचारों के साथ जीना सिखाता है। यह हमें दूसरों से सीखना और उनका सम्मान करना सिखाता है।
Being tolerant does not mean acquiescing to the intolerable; it does not mean covering up disrespect; it does not mean coddling the aggressor or disguising aggression. Tolerance is the virtue that teaches us to live with the different. It teaches us to learn from and respect the different.
Being tolerant does not mean acquiescing to the intolerable; it does not mean covering up disrespect; it does not mean coddling the aggressor or disguising aggression. Tolerance is the virtue that teaches us to live with the different. It teaches us to learn from and respect the different.
लोकतंत्र का ढिंढोरा पीटना और जनता की आवाज को दबा देना एक पाखंड है; मानवता की बड़ी-बड़ी बातें करना और इंसानों को ही नकार देना एक सरासर झूठ है।
To glorify democracy and to silence the people is a farce; to discourse on humanism and to negate people is a lie.
To glorify democracy and to silence the people is a farce; to discourse on humanism and to negate people is a lie.
यदि मैं आनुवंशिक, सांस्कृतिक या वर्गीय निर्धारणों का ही एक विशुद्ध उत्पाद हूँ, तो दुनिया में मेरे किसी भी काम के लिए मेरी कोई व्यक्तिगत जिम्मेदारी नहीं बनती, और इसलिए नैतिकता की बात करना ही बेमानी है। बेशक, इस जिम्मेदारी को स्वीकार करने का यह मतलब बिल्कुल नहीं है कि हम आनुवंशिक, सांस्कृतिक और सामाजिक तौर पर प्रभावित नहीं होते। इसका मतलब यह है कि हम यह जानते हैं कि परिस्थितियाँ हमें प्रभावित जरूर करती हैं, लेकिन पूरी तरह तय नहीं करतीं।
If I am a pure product of genetic, cultural, or class determination, I have no responsibility for my action in the world and, therefore, it is not possible for me to speak of ethics. Of course, this assumption of responsibility does not mean that we are not conditioned genetically, culturally, and socially. It means that we know ourselves to be conditioned but not determined.
If I am a pure product of genetic, cultural, or class determination, I have no responsibility for my action in the world and, therefore, it is not possible for me to speak of ethics. Of course, this assumption of responsibility does not mean that we are not conditioned genetically, culturally, and socially. It means that we know ourselves to be conditioned but not determined.
शोषितों को एकजुट होने के लिए सबसे पहले उस जादू और मिथक की उस नाभि-नाल (अदृश्य डोर) को काटना होगा जो उन्हें दमन की दुनिया से बांधे रखती है; आपस में उन्हें जोड़ने वाली एकता बिल्कुल अलग किस्म की होनी चाहिए।
In order for the oppressed to unite they must first cut the umbilical cord of magic and myth which binds them to the world of oppression; the unity which links them to each other must be of a different nature.
In order for the oppressed to unite they must first cut the umbilical cord of magic and myth which binds them to the world of oppression; the unity which links them to each other must be of a different nature.
यह कोई सुनियोजित शिक्षा व्यवस्था नहीं है जो किसी तरह समाज को ढालती है, बल्कि इसके विपरीत, समाज अपनी विशेष संरचना के अनुसार, उस समाज की सत्ता संभालने वालों के हितों और उद्देश्यों के आधार पर शिक्षा को आकार देता है।
It is not systematic education which somehow molds society, but, on the contrary, society which, according to its particular structure, shapes education in relation to the ends and interests of those who control the power in that society.
It is not systematic education which somehow molds society, but, on the contrary, society which, according to its particular structure, shapes education in relation to the ends and interests of those who control the power in that society.
संवाद के जरिए, शिक्षक-जो-विद्यार्थियों-को-पढ़ाता-है और विद्यार्थी-जो-शिक्षक-से-सीखते-हैं, ये दोनों रूप खत्म हो जाते हैं और एक नया रूप सामने आता है: विद्यार्थी-शिक्षक और शिक्षक-विद्यार्थी (जो एक-दूसरे से सीखते हैं)।
Through dialogue, the teacher-of-the-students and the students-of-the-teacher cease to exist and a new term emerges: teacher-student with students-teachers.
Through dialogue, the teacher-of-the-students and the students-of-the-teacher cease to exist and a new term emerges: teacher-student with students-teachers.
समस्या-आधारित शिक्षा स्त्री और पुरुष को ऐसे प्राणियों के रूप में स्थापित करती है जो निरंतर विकसित हो रहे हैं।
Problem-posing education affirms men and women as beings in the process of becoming.
Problem-posing education affirms men and women as beings in the process of becoming.
जनता पर अटूट विश्वास संवाद की पहली और सबसे अनिवार्य शर्त है।
Faith in people is an a priori requirement for dialogue.
Faith in people is an a priori requirement for dialogue.
परिवर्तन तभी सार्थक होता है जब वह जनता के साथ मिलकर किया जाए, न कि उनकी ओर से थोपा जाए। मुक्ति किसी बच्चे के जन्म जैसी होती है, और यह प्रक्रिया बेहद दर्दनाक होती है। जो इंसान बाहर निकल कर आता है, वह एक नया इंसान होता है: वह न तो अब शोषक रहता है और न ही शोषित, बल्कि वह एक ऐसा व्यक्ति बन जाता है जो स्वतंत्रता को प्राप्त करने की राह पर है। केवल शोषित लोग ही खुद को आजाद करके अपने शोषकों को भी मुक्ति दिला सकते हैं।
Transformation is only valid if it is carried out with the people, not for them. Liberation is like a childbirth, and a painful one. The person who emerges is a new person: no longer either oppressor or oppressed, but a person in the process of achieving freedom. It is only the oppressed who, by freeing themselves, can free their oppressors.
Transformation is only valid if it is carried out with the people, not for them. Liberation is like a childbirth, and a painful one. The person who emerges is a new person: no longer either oppressor or oppressed, but a person in the process of achieving freedom. It is only the oppressed who, by freeing themselves, can free their oppressors.
चाहे कोई मुझे कितना भी परेशान कर ले, मुझे अपनी झूठी श्रेष्ठता के अहंकार में खुद को इतना बड़ा समझने का कोई अधिकार नहीं है कि मैं उस व्यक्ति को पूरी तरह से अयोग्य घोषित कर दूं और एक उपेक्षापूर्ण रवैया अपना लूं।
No matter how much someone may irritate me, I have no right to puff myself up with my own self-importance so as to declare that person to be absolutely incompetent, assuming a posture of disdain from my own position of false superiority.
No matter how much someone may irritate me, I have no right to puff myself up with my own self-importance so as to declare that person to be absolutely incompetent, assuming a posture of disdain from my own position of false superiority.
मैं कम से कम इतनी उम्मीद तो करता हूँ कि ये चीज़ें हमेशा बनी रहेंगी: इंसानों पर मेरा भरोसा, स्त्री-पुरुष की क्षमता में मेरी आस्था, और एक ऐसी दुनिया का निर्माण जहाँ प्रेम करना आसान हो
I hope at least that the following will endure: my trust in the people, and my faith in men and women, and in the creation of a world in which it will be easier to love
I hope at least that the following will endure: my trust in the people, and my faith in men and women, and in the creation of a world in which it will be easier to love
लेकिन संघर्ष के शुरुआती दौर में लगभग हमेशा ऐसा होता है कि शोषित लोग मुक्ति के लिए प्रयास करने के बजाय खुद उत्पीड़क या उप-उत्पीड़क बनने की राह पर चल पड़ते हैं। उनकी सोच का ढांचा ही उस ठोस, वास्तविक परिस्थिति के अंतर्विरोधों से गढ़ा गया होता है जिसमें वे पले-बढ़े हैं। उनका आदर्श इंसान बनना होता है; लेकिन उनके लिए इंसान बनने का मतलब उत्पीड़क बनना होता है
But almost always, during the initial stage of the struggle, the oppressed, instead of striving for liberation, tend themselves to become oppressors, or sub oppressors. The very structure of their thought has been conditioned by the contradiction of the concrete, existential situation by which they were shaped. Their ideal is to be men; but for them to be men is to be oppressors
But almost always, during the initial stage of the struggle, the oppressed, instead of striving for liberation, tend themselves to become oppressors, or sub oppressors. The very structure of their thought has been conditioned by the contradiction of the concrete, existential situation by which they were shaped. Their ideal is to be men; but for them to be men is to be oppressors
वास्तव में, उत्पीड़कों का हित इस बात में होता है कि वे शोषितों की चेतना को बदलें, न कि उस स्थिति को जो उनका शोषण करती है।
Indeed, the interests of the oppressors lie in 'changing the consciousness of the oppressed, not the situation which oppresses them.
Indeed, the interests of the oppressors lie in 'changing the consciousness of the oppressed, not the situation which oppresses them.
भाषा कभी भी तटस्थ नहीं होती
language is never neutral
language is never neutral
घर के भीतर माता-पिता और बच्चे का रिश्ता आमतौर पर आसपास की सामाजिक संरचना की वास्तविक सांस्कृतिक स्थितियों को ही दर्शाता है। यदि घर में घुसपैठ करने वाली ये स्थितियाँ सत्तावादी, कठोर और हावी होने वाली हैं, तो घर में उत्पीड़न का माहौल और बढ़ेगा। जैसे-जैसे माता-पिता और बच्चों के बीच ये सत्तावादी संबंध गहरे होते जाते हैं, बच्चे कम उम्र में ही पिता के अधिकार को अपने भीतर गहराई से आत्मसात करने लगते हैं।
The parent-child relationship in the home usually reflects the objective cultural conditions of the surrounding social structure. If the conditions which penetrate the home are authoritarian, rigid, and dominating, the home will increase the climate of oppression. As these authoritarian relations between parents and children intensify, children in their infancy increasingly internalize the paternal authority.
The parent-child relationship in the home usually reflects the objective cultural conditions of the surrounding social structure. If the conditions which penetrate the home are authoritarian, rigid, and dominating, the home will increase the climate of oppression. As these authoritarian relations between parents and children intensify, children in their infancy increasingly internalize the paternal authority.
उत्पीड़क की छवि को अपने भीतर उतार चुका और उसके तौर-तरीकों को अपना चुका शोषित वर्ग आज़ादी से डरता है।
The oppressed, having internalized the image of the oppressor and adopted his guidelines, are fearful of freedom.
The oppressed, having internalized the image of the oppressor and adopted his guidelines, are fearful of freedom.
हर समाज को अन्य समाजों के संदर्भ में अपना आत्मविश्लेषण करने की आवश्यकता है।
Every society needs to examine itself in relation to other societies.
Every society needs to examine itself in relation to other societies.
दुखों के आगे घुटने टेक देना अस्तित्व को मिटा देने जैसा है, लेकिन दुखों को बदल डालना उस विश्वास को फिर से जगाता है जो जीवन को जीवंत बनाता है।
Submission to suffering is a form of annihilation, but transformation of suffering rekindles a faith that gives life.
Submission to suffering is a form of annihilation, but transformation of suffering rekindles a faith that gives life.
हेराफेरी के साधन के रूप में कल्याणकारी कार्यक्रम आखिरकार दमन के उद्देश्यों को ही पूरा करते हैं। वे एक सुन्न करने वाली दवा (एनेस्थेटिक) की तरह काम करते हैं, जो शोषितों का ध्यान उनकी समस्याओं के असली कारणों और उनके ठोस समाधानों से भटका देती है।
Welfare programs as instruments of manipulation ultimately serve the end of conquest. They act as an anesthetic, distracting the oppressed from the true causes of their problems and from the concrete solutions of these problems.
Welfare programs as instruments of manipulation ultimately serve the end of conquest. They act as an anesthetic, distracting the oppressed from the true causes of their problems and from the concrete solutions of these problems.
यदि लोग अपनी बात कहकर, दुनिया का नामकरण करके उसे बदलते हैं, तो संवाद वह जरिया बनकर सामने आता है जिसके द्वारा वे एक इंसान के रूप में अपनी सार्थकता साबित करते हैं।
If it is in speaking their word that people, by naming the world, transform it, dialogue imposes itself as the way by which they achieve significance as human beings.
If it is in speaking their word that people, by naming the world, transform it, dialogue imposes itself as the way by which they achieve significance as human beings.
शोषितों का व्यवहार एक तयशुदा व्यवहार होता है, क्योंकि वे उत्पीड़क के बनाए गए नियमों और दिशा-निर्देशों पर ही चलते हैं।
The behavior of the oppressed is a prescribed behavior, following as it does the guidelines of the oppressor.
The behavior of the oppressed is a prescribed behavior, following as it does the guidelines of the oppressor.
...अध्ययन ज्ञान प्राप्ति की तैयारी है; यह एक ऐसे व्यक्ति का धीरज और बेचैनी से भरा अभ्यास है जिसका इरादा एक ही बार में सब कुछ जान लेने का नहीं, बल्कि ज्ञान की अपनी गति और समय के साथ कदमताल करने के संघर्ष से है।
... studying is a preparation for knowing; it is a patient and impatient exercise on the part of someone whose intent is not to know it all at once but to struggle to meet the timing of knowledge.
... studying is a preparation for knowing; it is a patient and impatient exercise on the part of someone whose intent is not to know it all at once but to struggle to meet the timing of knowledge.
एक सुसंगत रूप से लोकतांत्रिक अधिकार का मानना है कि सच्ची अनुशासनहीनता या चुप्पी उन लोगों की मूकता में नहीं होती जिन्हें चुप करा दिया गया है, बल्कि उन लोगों की हलचल में होती है जिन्हें चुनौती दी गई है, उन लोगों के संदेह में जिन्हें झकझोरा गया है, और उन लोगों की उम्मीदों में जिन्हें जगाया गया है।
Coherently democratic authority carries the conviction that true discipline does not exist in the muteness of those who have been silenced but in the stirrings of those who have been challenged, in the doubt of those who have been prodded, and in the hopes of those who have been awakened.
Coherently democratic authority carries the conviction that true discipline does not exist in the muteness of those who have been silenced but in the stirrings of those who have been challenged, in the doubt of those who have been prodded, and in the hopes of those who have been awakened.
उत्पीड़क पूरे समुदाय की भलाई को बढ़ावा देने के पक्ष में नहीं होते, बल्कि वे कुछ चुनिंदा नेताओं को ही आगे बढ़ाना चाहते हैं।
The oppressors do not favor promoting the community as a whole, but rather selected leaders.
The oppressors do not favor promoting the community as a whole, but rather selected leaders.
यह जरूरी है कि शक्तिहीनों की लाचारी को एक ऐसी ताकत में बदला जाए जो न्याय की घोषणा कर सके। इसके लिए भाग्यवादी सोच (कि सब कुछ किस्मत में लिखा है) का पूरी तरह से खात्मा होना जरूरी है। हम दुनिया को बदलने वाले प्राणी हैं, न कि परिस्थितियों से समझौता करके जीने वाले।
It is necessary that the weakness of the powerless is transformed into a force capable of announcing justice. For this to happen, a total denouncement of fatalism is necessary. We are transformative beings and not beings for accommodation.
It is necessary that the weakness of the powerless is transformed into a force capable of announcing justice. For this to happen, a total denouncement of fatalism is necessary. We are transformative beings and not beings for accommodation.
अंत में, यह स्पष्ट करना जरूरी है कि कल्पनाशीलता कोई ऐसी चीज़ नहीं है जो वास्तविकता से कटी हुई हो और हवा में जीती हो। इसके विपरीत, जब हम किसी चीज़ की कल्पना करते हैं, तो हम अपनी ठोस वास्तविकता की किसी कमी या अभाव से मजबूर होकर ही ऐसा करते हैं। जब बच्चे स्वतंत्र और खुशहाल स्कूलों की कल्पना करते हैं, तो इसका कारण यह होता है कि उनके वास्तविक स्कूल उन्हें आज़ादी और खुशी से वंचित रखते हैं।
Finally, it is important to make it clear that imagination is not an exercise for those detached from reality, those who live in the air. On the contrary, when we imagine something, we do it necessarily conditioned by a lack in our concrete reality. When children imagine free and happy schools, it is because their real schools deny them freedom and happiness.
Finally, it is important to make it clear that imagination is not an exercise for those detached from reality, those who live in the air. On the contrary, when we imagine something, we do it necessarily conditioned by a lack in our concrete reality. When children imagine free and happy schools, it is because their real schools deny them freedom and happiness.
समस्या-आधारित शिक्षक की भूमिका छात्रों के साथ मिलकर ऐसी स्थितियाँ पैदा करना है, जहाँ सतही और पारंपरिक ज्ञान ('डॉक्सा') को पीछे छोड़कर 'लोगोस' यानी वास्तविक और गहरे ज्ञान को प्राप्त किया जा सके।
The role of the problem-posing educator is to create, together with the students, the conditions under which knowledge at the level of the doxa is superseded by true knowledge, at the level of the logos.
The role of the problem-posing educator is to create, together with the students, the conditions under which knowledge at the level of the doxa is superseded by true knowledge, at the level of the logos.
मैं एक ऐसा शिक्षक हूँ जो वैश्विक दृष्टिकोण से सोचता हूँ।
I am an educator who thinks globally.
I am an educator who thinks globally.
सांस्कृतिक आक्रमण को सफल बनाने के लिए यह बेहद जरूरी है कि जिन पर आक्रमण हुआ है, वे खुद को जन्मजात रूप से हीन और कमजोर मान लें।
For cultural invasion to succeed, it is essential that those invaded become convinced of their intrinsic inferiority.
For cultural invasion to succeed, it is essential that those invaded become convinced of their intrinsic inferiority.
छात्रों की उस गरिमा के प्रति सम्मान की बात करना असंभव है जो अभी आकार ले रही है, और उनकी उन पहचानों का आदर करना असंभव है जो अभी बन रही हैं, यदि हम उन परिस्थितियों को ध्यान में न रखें जिनमें वे जी रहे हैं। साथ ही, उस ज्ञान के महत्व को भी न भूलें जो उनके जीवन के अनुभवों से आता है और जिसे वे स्कूल लेकर आते हैं। मैं ऐसे ज्ञान को किसी भी कीमत पर कमतर नहीं आंक सकता, और उससे भी बदतर यह कि उसका मज़ाक उड़ाऊँ।
It is impossible to talk of respect for students for the dignity that is in the process of coming to be, for the identities that are in the process of construction, without taking into consideration the conditions in which they are living and the importance of the knowledge derived from life experience, which they bring with them to school. I can in no way underestimate such knowledge. Or what is worse, ridicule it.
It is impossible to talk of respect for students for the dignity that is in the process of coming to be, for the identities that are in the process of construction, without taking into consideration the conditions in which they are living and the importance of the knowledge derived from life experience, which they bring with them to school. I can in no way underestimate such knowledge. Or what is worse, ridicule it.
शोषितों का वह व्यवहार और प्रतिक्रियाएँ, जो उत्पीड़क को सांस्कृतिक आक्रमण करने के लिए उकसाती हैं, एक क्रांतिकारी व्यक्ति से कार्रवाई का एक अलग सिद्धांत माँगती हैं। क्रांतिकारी नेताओं को शासक वर्ग से जो चीज़ अलग करती है, वह केवल उनके उद्देश्य नहीं, बल्कि उनके तौर-तरीके भी हैं।
The behavior and reactions of the oppressed, which lead the oppressor to practice cultural invasion, should evoke from the revolutionary a different theory of action. What distinguishes revolutionary leaders from the dominant elite is not only their objectives, but their procedures.
The behavior and reactions of the oppressed, which lead the oppressor to practice cultural invasion, should evoke from the revolutionary a different theory of action. What distinguishes revolutionary leaders from the dominant elite is not only their objectives, but their procedures.
सच्ची सोच, यानी वह सोच जो वास्तविकता को लेकर फिक्रमंद है, किसी मीनार में अकेले बैठकर पैदा नहीं होती, बल्कि केवल संवाद के माध्यम से होती है। यदि यह सच है कि विचार तभी सार्थक होते हैं जब वे दुनिया पर की गई किसी कार्रवाई से पैदा होते हैं, तो शिक्षक के सामने छात्रों का दब जाना या अधीन हो जाना नामुमकिन हो जाता है।
Authentic thinking, thinking that is concerned about reality, does not take place in ivory tower isolation, but only in communication. If it is true that thought has meaning only when generated by action upon the world, the subordination of students to teachers becomes impossible.
Authentic thinking, thinking that is concerned about reality, does not take place in ivory tower isolation, but only in communication. If it is true that thought has meaning only when generated by action upon the world, the subordination of students to teachers becomes impossible.
मेरी एक बहुत बड़ी चिंता यह रही है कि मैं जो कहता हूँ और जो करता हूँ, उसमें, तथा जो मैं दिखना चाहता हूँ और जो वास्तव में बन रहा हूँ, उसमें एकरूपता हो।
One of my major preoccupations is the approximation between what I say and what I do, between what I seem to be and what I am actually becoming.
One of my major preoccupations is the approximation between what I say and what I do, between what I seem to be and what I am actually becoming.
लोकतंत्र बनाना सचमुच एक कठिन काम है। लोकतंत्र, किसी भी सुंदर सपने की तरह, केवल बड़बोले शब्दों से नहीं बनता, बल्कि आत्ममंथन और कर्म से बनता है। यह इस बात से साबित नहीं होता कि मैं क्या कहता हूँ—कि मैं लोकतांत्रिक हूँ, कि मैं जातिवादी या मर्दवादी (पितृसत्तात्मक) नहीं हूँ—बल्कि इससे साबित होता है कि मैं क्या करता हूँ। मेरे शब्द मेरे कर्मों के विपरीत नहीं होने चाहिए। यह तो मेरा कर्म ही बताता है कि मैं अपनी कही हुई बात के प्रति वफादार हूँ या नहीं।
It is truly difficult to make a democracy. Democracy, like arty dream, is not made with spiritual words but with reflection and practice. It is not what I say that says I am a democrat, that I am not racist or machista but what I do. What I say must not be contradicted by what I do. It is what I do that bespeaks my faithfulness or not to what I say.
It is truly difficult to make a democracy. Democracy, like arty dream, is not made with spiritual words but with reflection and practice. It is not what I say that says I am a democrat, that I am not racist or machista but what I do. What I say must not be contradicted by what I do. It is what I do that bespeaks my faithfulness or not to what I say.
सत्ता से वंचित लोगों की बौद्धिक गतिविधियों को हमेशा 'गैर-बौद्धिक' कहकर नकारा जाता है।
The intellectual activity of those without power is always characterized as non-intellectual.
The intellectual activity of those without power is always characterized as non-intellectual.
इसी अर्थ में, मुझे एक अच्छा श्रोता बनना ही पड़ता है। छात्र के उन संदेहों, डरों और असमर्थताओं को सुनना जो सीखने की प्रक्रिया का हिस्सा हैं। छात्र को ध्यान से सुनने पर ही मैं उसके साथ संवाद करना सीख पाता हूँ।
This is the sense in which I am obliged to be a listener. To listen to the student's doubts, fears, and incompetencies that are part of the learning process. It is in listening to the student that I learn to speak with him or her.
This is the sense in which I am obliged to be a listener. To listen to the student's doubts, fears, and incompetencies that are part of the learning process. It is in listening to the student that I learn to speak with him or her.
कोई भी बात तब तक सच्ची बात नहीं बन सकती जब तक वह साथ ही साथ एक व्यावहारिक कर्म ('प्रैक्सिस') न हो। इसलिए, एक सच्ची बात कहने का अर्थ है दुनिया को बदल देना।
There is no true word that is not at the same time a praxis. Thus, to speak a true word is to transform the world.
There is no true word that is not at the same time a praxis. Thus, to speak a true word is to transform the world.
शिक्षा ही आज़ादी है। शिक्षा आपको यह सिखाती है कि किसी और से अपने लिए काम करवाने के बजाय उसे खुद कैसे किया जाए। और इसी के इर्द-गिर्द हमारा अपना कस्बा बसता है... फ्रीमैनविले!
Education is freedom. Education will teach you how to do it yourself as opposed to asking someone else to do it for you. And around it our own town... Freemanville!
Education is freedom. Education will teach you how to do it yourself as opposed to asking someone else to do it for you. And around it our own town... Freemanville!
शोषितों को 'इंसान' का अपना मॉडल उत्पीड़कों के रूप में ही मिलता है।
The oppressed find in the oppressors their model of 'manhood.'
The oppressed find in the oppressors their model of 'manhood.'
अमानवीयकरण एक ठोस ऐतिहासिक सच्चाई होने के बावजूद कोई तयशुदा भाग्य नहीं है, बल्कि यह एक ऐसी अन्यायपूर्ण व्यवस्था का परिणाम है जो उत्पीड़कों में हिंसा को जन्म देती है, और बदले में वह हिंसा उत्पीड़ितों का अमानवीयकरण करती है
Dehumanization, although a concrete historical fact, is not a given destiny but the result of an unjust order that engenders violence in the oppressors, which in turn dehumanizes the oppressed
Dehumanization, although a concrete historical fact, is not a given destiny but the result of an unjust order that engenders violence in the oppressors, which in turn dehumanizes the oppressed
पहचान के अहसास के बिना कोई वास्तविक संघर्ष हो ही नहीं सकता
Without a sense of identity, there can be no real struggle.
Without a sense of identity, there can be no real struggle.
स्वतंत्रता मुफ्त में नहीं मिलती, उसे जीतना पड़ता है। इसे लगातार और जिम्मेदारी के साथ हासिल करते रहना पड़ता है। स्वतंत्रता मनुष्य से बाहर की कोई आदर्श स्थिति नहीं है; और न ही यह कोई ऐसा विचार है जो मिथक बन जाए। बल्कि यह तो मनुष्य के संपूर्ण विकास की खोज के लिए एक अनिवार्य शर्त है
Freedom is acquired by conquest, not by gift. It must be pursued constantly and responsibly. Freedom is not an ideal located outside of man; nor is it an idea which becomes myth. It is rather the indispensable condition for the quest for human completion.
Freedom is acquired by conquest, not by gift. It must be pursued constantly and responsibly. Freedom is not an ideal located outside of man; nor is it an idea which becomes myth. It is rather the indispensable condition for the quest for human completion.
...ऐसा कोई वैध शिक्षण हो ही नहीं सकता जिससे कुछ नया न सीखे मिले और जिसके माध्यम से सीखने वाला व्यक्ति उस ज्ञान को दोबारा गढ़ने और नया रूप देने में सक्षम न हो
... there is no valid teaching from which there does not emerge something learned and through which the learner does not become capable of recreating and remaking what has been taught.
... there is no valid teaching from which there does not emerge something learned and through which the learner does not become capable of recreating and remaking what has been taught.
लोगों को आधा-इंसान समझने की कोई भी कोशिश केवल उनका अमानवीयकरण करती है
Any attempt to treat people as semihumans only dehumanizes them.
Any attempt to treat people as semihumans only dehumanizes them.
प्रभुत्व स्थापित करने के साधन के रूप में दी जाने वाली शिक्षा विद्यार्थियों की आँख मूँदकर विश्वास करने की प्रवृत्ति को बढ़ाती है
Education as the exercise of domination stimulates the credulity of the students.
Education as the exercise of domination stimulates the credulity of the students.
सच्ची उदारता इसी में है कि उन कारणों को जड़ से उखाड़ने के लिए संघर्ष किया जाए जो झूठी दया या दान को बढ़ावा देते हैं
True generosity consists precisely in fighting to destroy the causes which nourish false charity.
True generosity consists precisely in fighting to destroy the causes which nourish false charity.
विषयिकता (सब्जेक्टिविटी) के बिना वस्तुनिष्ठता (ऑब्जेक्टिविटी) की कल्पना भी नहीं की जा सकती
One cannot conceive of objectivity without subjectivity.
One cannot conceive of objectivity without subjectivity.
उत्पीड़ित स्त्री-पुरुषों के संघर्ष में इस दुनिया को नए सिरे से रचने की उम्मीद बेहद लाजिमी है
The hope of remaking the world is indispensable in the struggle of oppressed men and women.
The hope of remaking the world is indispensable in the struggle of oppressed men and women.
इस देश को फिर से संवारना, इसे लोकतांत्रिक बनाना, इसे मानवीय बनाना और इसे गंभीर बनाना तब तक संभव नहीं है, जब तक हमारे यहाँ ऐसे किशोर मौजूद हैं जो खेल-खेल में लोगों की जान ले लेते हैं, जीवन का अनादर करते हैं, सपनों का गला घोटते हैं और प्रेम को असंभव बना देते हैं। यदि अकेले शिक्षा समाज को नहीं बदल सकती, तो शिक्षा के बिना भी समाज में बदलाव आ पाना असंभव है
It is not possible to remake this country, to democratize it, humanize it, make it serious, as long as we have teenagers killing people for play and offending life, destroying the dream, and making love unviable. If education alone cannot transform society, without it society cannot change either.
It is not possible to remake this country, to democratize it, humanize it, make it serious, as long as we have teenagers killing people for play and offending life, destroying the dream, and making love unviable. If education alone cannot transform society, without it society cannot change either.
क्रांतिकारी कार्रवाई को इस परतंत्रता को अपनी कमज़ोरी के रूप में स्वीकार करना चाहिए और चिंतन व कर्म के ज़रिए इसे स्वायत्तता में बदलने का प्रयास करना चाहिए। हालाँकि, कितनी भी अच्छी नीयत वाला नेतृत्व क्यों न हो, वह उपहार में स्वतंत्रता नहीं दे सकता। उत्पीड़ितों की मुक्ति स्त्री और पुरुषों की मुक्ति है, न कि किसी वस्तु की। इसलिए, न तो कोई अपनी कोशिशों से अकेले आज़ाद हो सकता है और न ही उसे कोई दूसरा आज़ाद कर सकता है। मुक्ति एक मानवीय घटना है, और इसे आधे-अधूरे इंसानों द्वारा हासिल नहीं किया जा सकता। इंसानों को आधा-इंसान समझने की कोई भी कोशिश केवल उनका अमानवीयकरण करती है
Libertarian action must recognize this dependence as a weak point and must attempt through reflection and action to transform it into independence. However, not even the best-intentioned leadership can bestow independence as a gift. The liberation of the oppressed is a liberation of women and men, not things. Accordingly, while no one liberates himself by his own efforts alone, neither is he liberated by others. Liberation, a human phenomenon, cannot be achieved by semihumans. Any attempt to treat people as semihumans only dehumanizes them.
Libertarian action must recognize this dependence as a weak point and must attempt through reflection and action to transform it into independence. However, not even the best-intentioned leadership can bestow independence as a gift. The liberation of the oppressed is a liberation of women and men, not things. Accordingly, while no one liberates himself by his own efforts alone, neither is he liberated by others. Liberation, a human phenomenon, cannot be achieved by semihumans. Any attempt to treat people as semihumans only dehumanizes them.
शिक्षा एक निरंतर चलने वाली प्रक्रिया है, जिसकी जड़ें हमारी इसी अधूरेपन की स्वीकारोक्ति में टिकी हैं। स्त्री और पुरुष तभी तक शिक्षित किए जाने योग्य हैं जब तक वे खुद को अधूरा और निरंतर सीखते रहने वाला मानते हैं
It is in our incompleteness, of which we are aware, that education as a permanent process is grounded. Women and men are capable of being educated only to the extent that they are capable of recognizing themselves as unfinished.
It is in our incompleteness, of which we are aware, that education as a permanent process is grounded. Women and men are capable of being educated only to the extent that they are capable of recognizing themselves as unfinished.
शिक्षा आज 'कथा-वाचन की बीमारी' (रटने और सिर्फ सुनने की आदत) से ग्रस्त है
Education is suffering from narration sickness.
Education is suffering from narration sickness.
लोगों के लिए 'यहाँ' केवल एक भौतिक स्थान नहीं है, बल्कि यह एक ऐतिहासिक स्थान भी है
For people, 'here' signifies not merely a physical space, but also an historical space.
For people, 'here' signifies not merely a physical space, but also an historical space.
शिक्षा की 'बैंकिंग अवधारणा' में ज्ञान को एक ऐसा तोहफा माना जाता है जो खुद को ज्ञानी समझने वाले लोग उन लोगों को देते हैं जिन्हें वे बिल्कुल अज्ञानी मानते हैं... शिक्षक अपने विद्यार्थियों के सामने उनके अनिवार्य विलोम (उलट) के रूप में पेश होता है; विद्यार्थियों की अज्ञानता को पूरी तरह पूर्ण मानकर ही वह अपने होने के औचित्य को साबित करता है
In the banking concept of education, knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nothing... The teacher presents himself to his students as their necessary opposite; by considering their ignorance absolute, he justifies his own existence.
In the banking concept of education, knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nothing... The teacher presents himself to his students as their necessary opposite; by considering their ignorance absolute, he justifies his own existence.
जब किसी शब्द के मूल तत्वों में विभाजन पैदा कर दिया जाए, तो एक ऐसा बेजान शब्द जन्म लेता है जो हकीकत को बदलने में असमर्थ होता है। जब किसी शब्द से उसके कर्म (एक्शन) का पहलू छीन लिया जाता है, तो स्वाभाविक रूप से उसका चिंतन भी कमज़ोर पड़ जाता है; और तब वह शब्द महज़ बकवास, वाचालता (सिर्फ बातें करना) और एक अजनबी तथा बेगाने "ढकोसले" में बदल जाता है। वह एक ऐसा खोखला शब्द बन जाता है जो दुनिया के खिलाफ आवाज़ नहीं उठा सकता, क्योंकि बदलाव लाने के संकल्प के बिना किसी भी अन्याय के खिलाफ आवाज़ उठाना नामुमकिन है, और बिना कर्म (सक्रियता) के कोई बदलाव संभव नहीं है
An unauthentic word, one which is unable to transform reality, results when dichotomy is imposed upon its constitutive elements. When a word is deprived of its dimension of action, reflection automatically suffers as well; and the word is changed into idle chatter, into verbalism, into an alienated and alienating “blah.” It becomes an empty word, one which cannot denounce the world, for denunciation is impossible without a commitment to transform, and there is no transformation without action.
An unauthentic word, one which is unable to transform reality, results when dichotomy is imposed upon its constitutive elements. When a word is deprived of its dimension of action, reflection automatically suffers as well; and the word is changed into idle chatter, into verbalism, into an alienated and alienating “blah.” It becomes an empty word, one which cannot denounce the world, for denunciation is impossible without a commitment to transform, and there is no transformation without action.
संगठन न केवल सीधे तौर पर एकता से जुड़ा हुआ है, बल्कि यह उसी एकता का एक स्वाभाविक विकास है। तदनुसार, नेताओं द्वारा उस एकता को पाने का प्रयास लोगों को संगठित करने की एक कोशिश भी है, जो इस बात की गवाही देता है कि मुक्ति का संघर्ष हम सबका साझा काम है।" "जो नेता संवाद के ज़रिए काम नहीं करते, बल्कि अपने फैसले थोपने पर अड़े रहते हैं, वे लोगों को संगठित नहीं करते—वे उनका इस्तेमाल (हेरफेर) करते हैं। वे न तो आज़ाद करते हैं और न ही खुद आज़ाद होते हैं: वे सिर्फ उत्पीड़क बनते हैं
Organization is not only directly linked to unity, but a natural development of that unity. Accordingly, the leaders' pursuit of that unity is also an attempt to organize the people, requiring witness to the fact that the struggle for liberation is a common task." "Leaders who do not act dialogically, but insist on imposing their decisions, do not organize the people--they manipulate them. They do not liberate, nor are they liberated: they oppress.
Organization is not only directly linked to unity, but a natural development of that unity. Accordingly, the leaders' pursuit of that unity is also an attempt to organize the people, requiring witness to the fact that the struggle for liberation is a common task." "Leaders who do not act dialogically, but insist on imposing their decisions, do not organize the people--they manipulate them. They do not liberate, nor are they liberated: they oppress.
बंटे हुए और अवास्तविक अस्तित्व वाले उत्पीड़ित लोग अपनी मुक्ति के शास्त्र (पेडागोजी) को विकसित करने में कैसे हिस्सा ले सकते हैं? वे इसमें तभी योगदान दे सकते हैं जब वे यह पहचान लें कि वे खुद अपने भीतर उत्पीड़क के 'आश्रयदाता' बने हुए हैं। जब तक वे उस दोहरेपन में जी रहे हैं जहाँ 'होने' का मतलब 'किसी के जैसा होना' है और 'किसी के जैसा होने' का मतलब 'उत्पीड़क जैसा होना' है, तब तक यह योगदान असंभव है। उत्पीड़ितों का शास्त्र (पेडागोजी) इस बात की गंभीर खोज करने का एक हथियार है कि वे और उनके उत्पीड़क दोनों ही अमानवीयकरण के अलग-अलग रूप हैं
How can the oppressed, as divided, unauthentic beings, participate in developing the pedagogy of their liberation? Only as they discover themselves to be 'hosts' of the oppressor can they contribute to the midwifery of their liberating pedagogy. As long as they live in the duality in which to be is to be like and to be like is to be like the oppressor, this contribution is impossible. The pedagogy of the oppressed is an instrument for their critical discovery that both they and their oppressors are manifestations of dehumanization.
How can the oppressed, as divided, unauthentic beings, participate in developing the pedagogy of their liberation? Only as they discover themselves to be 'hosts' of the oppressor can they contribute to the midwifery of their liberating pedagogy. As long as they live in the duality in which to be is to be like and to be like is to be like the oppressor, this contribution is impossible. The pedagogy of the oppressed is an instrument for their critical discovery that both they and their oppressors are manifestations of dehumanization.
शिक्षक और छात्र (नेतृत्व और जनता), यथार्थ को एक समान दृष्टि से देखते हुए, दोनों ही 'विषय' (सब्जेक्ट्स) हैं। वे न केवल उस सच्चाई को उजागर करने और उसे गहराई से समझने के काम में भागीदार हैं, बल्कि उस ज्ञान को नए सिरे से रचने में भी बराबर के साझीदार हैं। जैसे-जैसे वे साझा चिंतन और कर्म के ज़रिए यथार्थ को समझते हैं, वे खुद को उसके निरंतर रचनाकार के रूप में पाते हैं
Teachers and students (leadership and people), co-intent on reality, are both Subjects, not only in the task of unveiling that reality, and thereby coming to know it critically, but in the task of re-creating that knowledge. As they attain this knowledge of reality through common reflection and action, they discover themselves as its permanent re-creators.
Teachers and students (leadership and people), co-intent on reality, are both Subjects, not only in the task of unveiling that reality, and thereby coming to know it critically, but in the task of re-creating that knowledge. As they attain this knowledge of reality through common reflection and action, they discover themselves as its permanent re-creators.
यह बेहद ज़रूरी है कि उत्पीड़ित लोग परिवर्तन के मुख्य कर्ता (सब्जेक्ट) के रूप में अपनी भूमिका के प्रति लगातार बढ़ती हुई आलोचनात्मक समझ के साथ क्रांतिकारी प्रक्रिया में हिस्सा लें
It is absolutely essential that the oppressed participate in the revolutionary process with an increasingly critical awareness of their role as subjects of the transformation.
It is absolutely essential that the oppressed participate in the revolutionary process with an increasingly critical awareness of their role as subjects of the transformation.
भले ही शिक्षक या छात्र एक जैसे न हों, लेकिन शिक्षा देने वाला व्यक्ति पढ़ाते-पढ़ाते खुद को गढ़ता या फिर से संवारता है, और जो सीख रहा है वह भी इस प्रक्रिया में खुद को गढ़ता है। ...वास्तव में, सीखे बिना कोई शिक्षण हो ही नहीं सकता
Although the teachers or the students are not the same, the person in charge of education is being formed or re-formed as he/she teaches, and the person who is being taught forms him/herself in the process. ...There is, in fact, no teaching without learning.
Although the teachers or the students are not the same, the person in charge of education is being formed or re-formed as he/she teaches, and the person who is being taught forms him/herself in the process. ...There is, in fact, no teaching without learning.
मैंने कभी ऐसा नहीं कहा, जैसा कि कभी-कभी मान लिया जाता है या संकेत दिया जाता है, कि निचली जातियों या वर्गों के बच्चों को ब्राजीलियाई पुर्तगाली भाषा का तथाकथित शिक्षित मानक नहीं सीखना चाहिए। मैंने केवल यह कहा है कि भाषा की समस्याएँ हमेशा वैचारिक सवालों से जुड़ी होती हैं, और उनके साथ-साथ सत्ता के सवाल भी जुड़े होते हैं
I have never said, as is sometimes believed, or even suggested that lower-class children should not learn the so-called educated norm of the Portuguese language of Brazil. What I have said is that the problems of language always involve ideological questions and, along with them, questions of power.
I have never said, as is sometimes believed, or even suggested that lower-class children should not learn the so-called educated norm of the Portuguese language of Brazil. What I have said is that the problems of language always involve ideological questions and, along with them, questions of power.
यह पुस्तक लेखक द्वारा गढ़े गए 'उत्पीड़ितों के शास्त्र' (पेडागोजी ऑफ द ऑप्रेस्ड) के कुछ पहलुओं को सामने रखेगी—एक ऐसा शास्त्र जिसे अपनी इंसानियत को वापस पाने के अंतहीन संघर्ष में, उत्पीड़ितों के लिए नहीं बल्कि उत्पीड़ितों के 'साथ' गढ़ा जाना चाहिए (चाहे वे व्यक्ति हों या पूरे समूह)
This book will present some aspects of what the writer has termed the pedagogy of the oppressed, a pedagogy which must be forged with, not for, the oppressed (whether individuals or peoples) in the incessant struggle to regain their humanity.
This book will present some aspects of what the writer has termed the pedagogy of the oppressed, a pedagogy which must be forged with, not for, the oppressed (whether individuals or peoples) in the incessant struggle to regain their humanity.
मैं एक शिक्षक के रूप में तब तक सफल नहीं हो सकता जब तक कि मैं अपने अंदर छात्र के प्रति एक संवेदनशील और प्रेमपूर्ण रवैया विकसित न करूँ, जो कि पढ़ाने और शिक्षा की पूरी प्रक्रिया के प्रति समर्पित किसी भी व्यक्ति के लिए अनिवार्य है
How can I be an educator if I do not develop in myself a caring and loving attitude toward the student, which is indispensable on the part of one who is committed to teaching and to the education process itself.
How can I be an educator if I do not develop in myself a caring and loving attitude toward the student, which is indispensable on the part of one who is committed to teaching and to the education process itself.
बंटे हुए और अवास्तविक अस्तित्व वाले उत्पीड़ित लोग अपनी मुक्ति के शास्त्र (पेडागोजी) को विकसित करने में कैसे हिस्सा ले सकते हैं?
How can the oppressed, as divided, unauthentic beings, participate in developing the pedagogy of their liberation?
How can the oppressed, as divided, unauthentic beings, participate in developing the pedagogy of their liberation?
जिस तरह लैटिन अमेरिका में उन विचारों पर चर्चा करना महत्वपूर्ण है जो उत्तर अमेरिका से आते हैं, उसी तरह मुझे लगता है कि उत्तर अमेरिकियों के लिए भी लैटिन अमेरिका या अफ्रीका से आने वाले उन विचारों पर चर्चा करना दिलचस्प होगा जो पूँजीवादी हितों से प्रेरित नहीं होते
Just as it is important in Latin America to discuss ideas that come from North America, I think it is interesting for North Americans to discuss ideas that come from Latin America or Africa and do not insert themselves into capitalist interests.
Just as it is important in Latin America to discuss ideas that come from North America, I think it is interesting for North Americans to discuss ideas that come from Latin America or Africa and do not insert themselves into capitalist interests.
उत्पीड़क वर्ग के कुछ लोग मुक्ति के संघर्ष में उत्पीड़ितों का साथ देते हैं
Certain members of the oppressor class join the oppressed in their struggle for liberation.
Certain members of the oppressor class join the oppressed in their struggle for liberation.
इस संघर्ष को सार्थक बनाने के लिए, उत्पीड़ितों को अपनी इंसानियत वापस पाने की इस प्रक्रिया में (जो असल में इंसानियत को नए सिरे से रचने का एक तरीका है) खुद उत्पीड़कों का उत्पीड़क नहीं बन जाना चाहिए, बल्कि उन्हें उत्पीड़क और उत्पीड़ित दोनों की इंसानियत को बहाल करने वाला बनना चाहिए
In order for this struggle to have meaning, the oppressed must not, in seeking to regain their humanity (which is a way to create it), become in turn oppressors of the oppressors, but rather restorers of the humanity of both
In order for this struggle to have meaning, the oppressed must not, in seeking to regain their humanity (which is a way to create it), become in turn oppressors of the oppressors, but rather restorers of the humanity of both
मेरा वास्ता इंसानों से है, किसी बेजान चीज़ से नहीं। और चूँकि मैं इंसानों के साथ काम कर रहा हूँ, इसलिए मैं अपने छात्र को पूरा और स्नेहपूर्ण ध्यान देने से मना नहीं कर सकता, यहाँ तक कि व्यक्तिगत मामलों में भी, जहाँ मुझे लगे कि छात्र को ऐसे ध्यान और सहारे की वाकई ज़रूरत है
I am dealing with people and not with things. And, because I am dealing with people, I cannot refuse my wholehearted and loving attention, even in personal matters, where I see that a student is in need of such attention.
I am dealing with people and not with things. And, because I am dealing with people, I cannot refuse my wholehearted and loving attention, even in personal matters, where I see that a student is in need of such attention.
शिक्षक चाहे अनुशासनहीन हो, योग्य हो या अयोग्य, गंभीर हो या गैर-जिम्मेदार, लोगों और जीवन से प्रेम करने वाला हो, या फिर रूखा, दुनिया से नाराज़, अफसरशाही सोच वाला, या अत्यधिक तार्किक—कैसा भी हो, वह बिना अपनी अमिट छाप छोड़े कक्षा से बाहर नहीं जाएगा।
Whether the teacher is authoritarian, undisciplined, competent, incompetent, serious, irresponsible, involved, a lover of people and of life, cold, angry with the world, bureaucratic, excessively rational, or whatever else, he/she will not pass through the classroom without leaving his or her mark on the students.
Whether the teacher is authoritarian, undisciplined, competent, incompetent, serious, irresponsible, involved, a lover of people and of life, cold, angry with the world, bureaucratic, excessively rational, or whatever else, he/she will not pass through the classroom without leaving his or her mark on the students.
क्रांतिकारी की भूमिका जनता के साथ मिलकर खुद को मुक्त करने और उन्हें मुक्त करने की है—न कि उन्हें अपने पक्ष में करने की।
The revolutionary's role is to liberate, and to be liberated, with the people--not to win them over.
The revolutionary's role is to liberate, and to be liberated, with the people--not to win them over.
बैंकिंग शिक्षा प्रणाली में यह धारणा निहित है कि मनुष्य और दुनिया के बीच एक अलगाव है: इंसान केवल दुनिया में मौजूद है, दुनिया या दूसरों के साथ नहीं; वह इस सबका रचनाकार नहीं, बल्कि केवल एक दर्शक मात्र है।
Implicit in the banking concept is the assumption of a dichotomy between human beings and the world: a person is merely in the world, not with the world or with others; the individual is spectator, not re-creator.
Implicit in the banking concept is the assumption of a dichotomy between human beings and the world: a person is merely in the world, not with the world or with others; the individual is spectator, not re-creator.
संक्षेप में कहें तो, बैंकिंग सिद्धांत और अभ्यास एक ऐसी जड़ और स्थिर करने वाली ताकतें हैं जो स्त्री-पुरुषों को इतिहास के निर्माताओं के रूप में स्वीकार नहीं करते; वहीं समस्या-आधारित (प्रॉब्लम-पॉज़िंग) सिद्धांत और अभ्यास लोगों की ऐतिहासिकता को ही अपना शुरुआती बिंदु बनाते हैं।
In sum: banking theory and practice, as immobilizing and fixating forces, fail to acknowledge men and women as historical beings; problem-posing theory and practice take the people's historicity as their starting point.
In sum: banking theory and practice, as immobilizing and fixating forces, fail to acknowledge men and women as historical beings; problem-posing theory and practice take the people's historicity as their starting point.
आप किसी ऐसे शैक्षिक या राजनीतिक कार्यक्रम से सकारात्मक परिणामों की उम्मीद नहीं कर सकते जो आम लोगों के दुनिया को देखने के नजरिए का सम्मान करने में विफल रहता है। भले ही ऐसे कार्यक्रमों के इरादे कितने भी नेक क्यों न हों, वे सांस्कृतिक आक्रमण ही साबित होते हैं।
One cannot expect positive results from an educational or political action program which fails to respect the particular view of the world held by the people. Such a program constitutes cultural invasion, good intentions notwithstanding.
One cannot expect positive results from an educational or political action program which fails to respect the particular view of the world held by the people. Such a program constitutes cultural invasion, good intentions notwithstanding.
पूर्व उत्पीड़क खुद को मुक्त महसूस नहीं करते। इसके विपरीत, वे पूरी ईमानदारी से यही मानते हैं कि उन्हीं का उत्पीड़न हो रहा है।
The former oppressors do not feel liberated. On the contrary, they genuinely consider themselves to be oppressed.
The former oppressors do not feel liberated. On the contrary, they genuinely consider themselves to be oppressed.
यह शिक्षाशास्त्र उत्पीड़न और उसके कारणों को उत्पीड़ितों द्वारा चिंतन का विषय बनाता है, और उसी चिंतन से उनकी मुक्ति के संघर्ष में उनकी आवश्यक भागीदारी जन्म लेती है। और इसी संघर्ष के दौरान यह शिक्षाशास्त्र गढ़ा और संवारा जाता है।
This pedagogy makes oppression and its causes objects of reflection by the oppressed, and from that reflection will come their necessary engagement in the struggle for their liberation. And in the struggle this pedagogy will be made and remade
This pedagogy makes oppression and its causes objects of reflection by the oppressed, and from that reflection will come their necessary engagement in the struggle for their liberation. And in the struggle this pedagogy will be made and remade
कोई पाठक अचानक, चमत्कारी ढंग से या एक झटके में यह नहीं समझ जाता कि क्या पढ़ा या अध्ययन किया जा रहा है। समझ को पढ़ने और अध्ययन करने वालों द्वारा खुद मेहनत से गढ़ना पड़ता है; इस प्रक्रिया के मुख्य कर्ता (सब्जेक्ट) होने के नाते, उन्हें इस कार्य को पूरा करने के लिए उचित साधनों का उपयोग करना ही होगा। ठीक इसी वजह से, पढ़ना और अध्ययन करना एक चुनौतीपूर्ण कार्य है, जिसके लिए धैर्य और दृढ़ संकल्प की आवश्यकता होती है।
A reader does not suddenly comprehend what is being read or studied, in a snap, miraculously. Comprehension needs to be worked forged, by those who read and study; as subjects of the action, they must seek to employ appropriate instruments in order to carry out the task. For this very reason, reading and studying form a challenging task, one requiring patience and perseverance.
A reader does not suddenly comprehend what is being read or studied, in a snap, miraculously. Comprehension needs to be worked forged, by those who read and study; as subjects of the action, they must seek to employ appropriate instruments in order to carry out the task. For this very reason, reading and studying form a challenging task, one requiring patience and perseverance.
कोई भी ऐसी शिक्षा जो वास्तव में मुक्ति देने वाली हो, उत्पीड़ितों को अभागा मानकर और उनके सामने उत्पीड़कों में से ही कुछ आदर्श प्रस्तुत करके उनसे दूरी नहीं बना सकती। अपनी मुक्ति के इस संघर्ष में उत्पीड़ितों को खुद अपना उदाहरण बनना होगा।
No pedagogy which is truly liberating can remain distant from the oppressed by treating them as unfortunates and by presenting for their emulation models from among the oppressors. The oppressed must be their own example in the struggle for their redemption (Freire, 1970, p. 54).
No pedagogy which is truly liberating can remain distant from the oppressed by treating them as unfortunates and by presenting for their emulation models from among the oppressors. The oppressed must be their own example in the struggle for their redemption (Freire, 1970, p. 54).
गैर-जिम्मेदारी के माहौल में कोई भी सहिष्णुता नहीं सीख सकता, क्योंकि ऐसा माहौल लोकतंत्र को जन्म नहीं दे सकता। सहिष्णुता के इस गुण के लिए एक ऐसे माहौल की जरूरत होती है जहाँ सीमाएं तय की जा सकें, जहाँ सम्मान के योग्य कुछ सिद्धांत हों। इसीलिए सहिष्णुता का मतलब असहनीय चीजों के साथ चुपचाप समझौता कर लेना नहीं है। किसी निरंकुश शासन में, जहाँ सत्ता का दुरुपयोग होता है, या फिर किसी बेलगाम व्यवस्था में, जहाँ स्वतंत्रता की कोई सीमा नहीं होती, सहिष्णुता सीखना लगभग असंभव है। सहिष्णुता के लिए सम्मान, अनुशासन और नैतिकता की आवश्यकता होती है।
No one can learn tolerance in a climate of irresponsibility, which does not produce democracy. The act of tolerating requires a climate in which limits may be established, in which there are principles to be respected. That is why tolerance is not coexistence with the intolerable. Under an authoritarian regime, in which authority is abused, or a permissive one, in which freedom is not limited, one can hardly learn tolerance. Tolerance requires respect, discipline, and ethics.
No one can learn tolerance in a climate of irresponsibility, which does not produce democracy. The act of tolerating requires a climate in which limits may be established, in which there are principles to be respected. That is why tolerance is not coexistence with the intolerable. Under an authoritarian regime, in which authority is abused, or a permissive one, in which freedom is not limited, one can hardly learn tolerance. Tolerance requires respect, discipline, and ethics.
दमन की शिक्षा के विपरीत, स्वतंत्रता की शिक्षा के रूप में शिक्षा इस बात से इनकार करती है कि मनुष्य अमूर्त, अलग-थलग, स्वतंत्र और दुनिया से कटा हुआ है; यह इस बात से भी इनकार करती है कि दुनिया इंसानों से अलग कोई स्वतंत्र वास्तविकता के रूप में मौजूद है। प्रामाणिक चिंतन न तो अमूर्त मनुष्य को देखता है और न ही इंसानों के बिना दुनिया को, बल्कि वह दुनिया के साथ इंसानों के संबंधों को देखता है। इन संबंधों में चेतना और दुनिया एक साथ चलते हैं: चेतना न तो दुनिया से पहले आती है और न ही उसके बाद।
Education as the practice of freedom--as opposed to education as the practice of domination--denies that man is abstract, isolated, independent and unattached to the world; it also denies that the world exists as reality apart from people. Authentic reflection considers neither abstract man nor the world without people, but people in their relations with the world. In these relations consciousness and world are simultaneous: consciousness neither precedes the world nor follows it.
Education as the practice of freedom--as opposed to education as the practice of domination--denies that man is abstract, isolated, independent and unattached to the world; it also denies that the world exists as reality apart from people. Authentic reflection considers neither abstract man nor the world without people, but people in their relations with the world. In these relations consciousness and world are simultaneous: consciousness neither precedes the world nor follows it.
उत्पीड़न का रिश्ता कायम होते ही हिंसा की शुरुआत हो जाती है। इतिहास में कभी भी हिंसा की शुरुआत उत्पीड़ितों द्वारा नहीं की गई है। वे इसकी शुरुआत कैसे कर सकते थे, जबकि वे खुद हिंसा का परिणाम हैं? वे किसी ऐसी वस्तुनिष्ठ चीज के प्रायोजक कैसे हो सकते हैं जिसके उद्देश्यपूर्ण जन्म ने ही उन्हें 'उत्पीड़ित' के रूप में अस्तित्व में लाया? यदि उनकी गुलामी तय करने वाली हिंसा का कोई पूर्व इतिहास न होता, तो कोई उत्पीड़ित भी नहीं होता।
With the establishment of a relationship of oppression, violence has already begun. Never in history has violence been initiated by the oppressed. How could they be the initiators, if they themselves are the result of violence? How could they be the sponsors of something objective whose objective inauguration called forth their existence as oppressed? There would be no oppressed had there been no prior of violence to establish their subjugation.
With the establishment of a relationship of oppression, violence has already begun. Never in history has violence been initiated by the oppressed. How could they be the initiators, if they themselves are the result of violence? How could they be the sponsors of something objective whose objective inauguration called forth their existence as oppressed? There would be no oppressed had there been no prior of violence to establish their subjugation.
भीड़ हमेशा गलत होती है।
The multitude is always in the wrong.
The multitude is always in the wrong.
यह कहना कि स्त्री और पुरुष व्यक्ति हैं और एक व्यक्ति के रूप में उन्हें स्वतंत्र होना चाहिए, और फिर इस कथन को वास्तविकता में बदलने के लिए कोई ठोस कदम न उठाना, एक ढोंग के अलावा कुछ नहीं।
To affirm that men and women are persons and as persons should be free, and yet to do nothing tangible to make this affirmation a reality, is a farce.
To affirm that men and women are persons and as persons should be free, and yet to do nothing tangible to make this affirmation a reality, is a farce.
क्रांति का रास्ता जनता के प्रति खुलापन मांगता है, न कि उनसे दूरी; इसमें जनता के साथ मेल-जोल और जुड़ाव शामिल है, न कि अविश्वास।
The road to revolution involves openness to the people, not imperviousness to them; it involves communion with the people, not mistrust.
The road to revolution involves openness to the people, not imperviousness to them; it involves communion with the people, not mistrust.
इसलिए एक क्रांतिकारी नेतृत्व को सह-इच्छाधारी (को-इंटेंशनल) शिक्षा का अभ्यास करना चाहिए।
A revolutionary leadership must accordingly practice co-intentional education.
A revolutionary leadership must accordingly practice co-intentional education.
कुछ लोग यह सोच सकते हैं कि संवाद की वकालत करना—दुनिया को बदलने के लिए दुनिया में महिलाओं और पुरुषों का मिलना—एक सीधी-सादी और आत्मनिष्ठ आदर्शवादिता है। हालाँकि, दुनिया में और दुनिया के साथ इंसानों से बढ़कर, या इंसानों के साथ अन्य इंसानों से बढ़कर, कुछ भी अधिक वास्तविक या ठोस नहीं है।
some may think that to affirm dialogue—the encounter of women and men in the world in order to transform the world—is naively and subjectively idealistic. there is nothing, however, more real or concrete than people in the world and with the world, than humans with other humans.
some may think that to affirm dialogue—the encounter of women and men in the world in order to transform the world—is naively and subjectively idealistic. there is nothing, however, more real or concrete than people in the world and with the world, than humans with other humans.
ब्राजील की वास्तविकता का आलोचनात्मक अध्ययन करना कोई पाप नहीं है। वहाँ एक छोटे से प्रतिशत के पास जमीन है। अधिकांश लोगों के पास नहीं है।
It's no sin to make a critical study of Brazil's reality. A small percentage own land. Most people don't.
It's no sin to make a critical study of Brazil's reality. A small percentage own land. Most people don't.
हालात के बंधनों से पार जाने की यह क्षमता इंसानी व्यक्तित्व के सबसे स्पष्ट फायदों में से एक है।
This capacity to go beyond the factors of conditioning is one of the obvious advantages of the human person.
This capacity to go beyond the factors of conditioning is one of the obvious advantages of the human person.
घर का माहौल स्कूल में भी जारी रहता है, जहाँ छात्र जल्द ही यह जान लेते हैं कि कुछ संतोष पाने के लिए उन्हें ऊपर से तय किए गए नियमों के अनुसार खुद को ढालना ही होगा। और उन नियमों में से एक नियम यह है कि सोचना नहीं है।
The atmosphere of the home is prolonged in the school, where the students soon discover thatin order to achieve some satisfaction they must adapt to the precepts which have ben set from above. One of these precepts is not to think.
The atmosphere of the home is prolonged in the school, where the students soon discover thatin order to achieve some satisfaction they must adapt to the precepts which have ben set from above. One of these precepts is not to think.
वास्तव में, कुछ तथाकथित "क्रांतिकारी" उन लोगों को "भोला", "दिवास्वप्न देखने वाला" या यहाँ तक कि "प्रतिक्रियावादी" करार देते हैं जो इस शैक्षिक प्रथा को चुनौती देते हैं। लेकिन लोगों को उनसे पराया करके आप उन्हें मुक्त नहीं कर सकते। प्रामाणिक मुक्ति—मानवीकरण की प्रक्रिया—इंसानों के भीतर जमा करने लायक कोई और खजाना नहीं है।
Indeed, some "revolutionaries" brand as "innocents," "dreamers," or even "reactionaries"; those who would challenge this educational practice. But one does not liberate people by alienating them. Authentic liberation - the process of humanization - is not another deposit to be made in men.
Indeed, some "revolutionaries" brand as "innocents," "dreamers," or even "reactionaries"; those who would challenge this educational practice. But one does not liberate people by alienating them. Authentic liberation - the process of humanization - is not another deposit to be made in men.
जो लोग मुक्ति के लिए सचमुच समर्पित हैं, उन्हें बैंकिंग अवधारणा को पूरी तरह से नकार देना चाहिए और इसके स्थान पर स्त्री और पुरुष को एक सचेत प्राणी के रूप में और चेतना को दुनिया के प्रति समर्पित चेतना के रूप में देखने की अवधारणा को अपनाना चाहिए।
Those truly committed to liberation must reject the banking concept in its entirety, adopting instead a concept of women and men as conscious beings and consciousness as consciousness intent upon the world.
Those truly committed to liberation must reject the banking concept in its entirety, adopting instead a concept of women and men as conscious beings and consciousness as consciousness intent upon the world.
क्रांति का जन्म उत्पीड़क समाज के भीतर ही एक सामाजिक इकाई के रूप में होता है।
Revolution is born as a social entity within the oppressor society.
Revolution is born as a social entity within the oppressor society.
... ऐसे पल भी आते हैं जब शिक्षक, एक autoridad (प्राधिकार) के रूप में, सीखने वालों से बात करता है, बताता है कि क्या किया जाना चाहिए, और ऐसी सीमाएँ तय करता है जिनके बिना सीखने वालों की अपनी स्वतंत्रता अराजकता में खो जाती है, लेकिन ये पल, शिक्षक के राजनीतिक विकल्पों के अनुसार, ऐसे अन्य पलों के साथ बदलते रहते हैं जिनमें शिक्षक सीखने वाले के साथ बात करता है।
... there are moments in which the teacher, as the authority talks to the learners, says what must be done, establishes limits without which the very freedom of learners is lost in lawlessness, but these moments, in accordance with the political options of the educator, are alternated with others in which the educator speaks with the learner.
... there are moments in which the teacher, as the authority talks to the learners, says what must be done, establishes limits without which the very freedom of learners is lost in lawlessness, but these moments, in accordance with the political options of the educator, are alternated with others in which the educator speaks with the learner.
उत्पीड़ितों के लिए यह समझना बेहद जरूरी है कि जब वे मानवीकरण के संघर्ष को स्वीकार करते हैं, तो वे उसी पल से इस संघर्ष की पूरी जिम्मेदारी भी अपने ऊपर ले लेते हैं।
It is essential for the oppressed to realize that when they accept the struggle for humanization they also accept, from that moment, their total responsibility for the struggle.
It is essential for the oppressed to realize that when they accept the struggle for humanization they also accept, from that moment, their total responsibility for the struggle.
संवादात्मक-मुक्तिवादी कार्रवाई का उद्देश्य उत्पीड़ितों को एक पौराणिक वास्तविकता से 'हटाकर' उन्हें किसी दूसरी वास्तविकता से 'बांधना' नहीं है। इसके विपरीत, संवादात्मक कार्रवाई का उद्देश्य उत्पीड़ितों के लिए यह संभव बनाना है कि वे अपनी अधीनता को समझकर एक अन्यायपूर्ण वास्तविकता को बदलने का विकल्प चुनें।" "उत्पीड़ितों को एकजुट होने के लिए पहले जादू और मिथक की उस गर्भनाल को काटना होगा जो उन्हें उत्पीड़न की दुनिया से बांधती है; उन्हें आपस में जोड़ने वाली एकता एक अलग प्रकृति की होनी चाहिए।
The object of a dialogical-liberterian action is not to 'dislodge' the oppressed from a mythological reality in order to 'bind' them to another reality. On the contrary, the object of dialogical action is to make it possible for the oppressed, by perceiving their adhesion, to opt to transform an unjust reality." "In order for the oppressed to unite they must first cut the umbilical cord of magic and myth which binds them to the world of oppression; the unity which links them to each other must be of a different nature.
The object of a dialogical-liberterian action is not to 'dislodge' the oppressed from a mythological reality in order to 'bind' them to another reality. On the contrary, the object of dialogical action is to make it possible for the oppressed, by perceiving their adhesion, to opt to transform an unjust reality." "In order for the oppressed to unite they must first cut the umbilical cord of magic and myth which binds them to the world of oppression; the unity which links them to each other must be of a different nature.
यहाँ तक कि क्रांति, जो मुक्ति की प्रक्रिया स्थापित करके उत्पीड़न की किसी ठोस स्थिति को बदल देती है, उसे भी इस परिघटना का सामना करना पड़ता है। क्रांति में प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से भाग लेने वाले कई उत्पीड़ित—पुरानी व्यवस्था के मिथकों से बंधे होने के कारण—इसे अपनी निजी क्रांति बनाना चाहते हैं। उनके पूर्व उत्पीड़क की परछाई अभी भी उनके ऊपर मंडरा रही होती है।
Even revolution, which transforms a concrete situation of oppression by establishing the process of liberation, must confront this phenomenon. Many of the oppressed who directly or indirectly participate in revolution intend - conditioned by the myths of the old order - to make it their private revolution. The shadow of their former oppressor is still cast over them.
Even revolution, which transforms a concrete situation of oppression by establishing the process of liberation, must confront this phenomenon. Many of the oppressed who directly or indirectly participate in revolution intend - conditioned by the myths of the old order - to make it their private revolution. The shadow of their former oppressor is still cast over them.
शिक्षक की भूमिका न केवल विषय-वस्तु बल्कि 'सही सोच' को भी सिखाने के संबंध में निश्चिंतता और अधिकार का भाव रखने की होती है।
The role of the educator is one of tranquil possession of certitude in regard to the teaching of not only contents but also of 'correct thinking.'
The role of the educator is one of tranquil possession of certitude in regard to the teaching of not only contents but also of 'correct thinking.'
किसी व्यक्ति के लिए बदलाव की तीव्र इच्छा के बिना खुद को विकास की प्रक्रिया में एक 'कर्ता' (सब्जेक्ट) के रूप में कल्पना करना वास्तव में असंभव है। और वह ऐसा बदलाव हो जिसमें वह केवल एक पीड़ित न हो, बल्कि उसका मुख्य कर्ता हो।
It's really not possible for someone to imagine himself/herself as a subject in the process of becoming without having at the same time a disposition for change. And change of which she/he is not merely the victim but the subject.
It's really not possible for someone to imagine himself/herself as a subject in the process of becoming without having at the same time a disposition for change. And change of which she/he is not merely the victim but the subject.
हस्तक्षेप करने, तुलना करने, न्याय करने, निर्णय लेने, चुनने और पीछे हटने की [मनुष्यों की] क्षमता उन्हें महानता और गरिमा के कार्यों में सक्षम बनाती है, और साथ ही, अकल्पनीय अमानवीयता या अपमान के कृत्यों में भी।
[Humans'] capacity to intervene, to compare, to judge, to decide, to choose, to desist makes them capable of acts of greatness, of dignity, and, at the same time, of the unthinkable in terms of indignity.
[Humans'] capacity to intervene, to compare, to judge, to decide, to choose, to desist makes them capable of acts of greatness, of dignity, and, at the same time, of the unthinkable in terms of indignity.
जैसा कि दमनकारी लोग करते हैं, जनता के बारे में सिर्फ सोचना, उस सोच में खुद को पूरी तरह समर्पित न करना, और जनता के साथ मिलकर न सोचना, क्रांतिकारी नेता बने रहने का हक खो देने का सबसे पक्का रास्ता है।
To simply think about the people, as the dominators do, without any self-giving in that thought, to fail to think with the people, is a sure way to cease being revolutionary leaders.
To simply think about the people, as the dominators do, without any self-giving in that thought, to fail to think with the people, is a sure way to cease being revolutionary leaders.
जब हम शिक्षण को एक ऐसा अभ्यास मानते हैं जहाँ पढ़ाना भी सीखना है और सीखना भी पढ़ाना है, और इस सच्चाई को पूरी ईमानदारी के साथ जीते हैं, तो हम एक संपूर्ण अनुभव का हिस्सा बन जाते हैं... इस अनुभव में सुंदरता, शालीनता और गंभीरता हाथ में हाथ डाले एक घेरा बना लेते हैं।
When we live our lives with the authenticity demanded by the practice of teaching that is also learning and learning that is also teaching, we are participating in a total experience.... In this experience the beautiful, the decent, and the serious form a circle with hands joined.
When we live our lives with the authenticity demanded by the practice of teaching that is also learning and learning that is also teaching, we are participating in a total experience.... In this experience the beautiful, the decent, and the serious form a circle with hands joined.
यह अपने आप में एक विरोधाभास होगा यदि उत्पीड़क न केवल मुक्तिदायक शिक्षा का बचाव करें बल्कि वास्तव में उसे लागू भी करें।
It would be a contradiction in terms if the oppressors not only defended but actually implemented a liberating education.
It would be a contradiction in terms if the oppressors not only defended but actually implemented a liberating education.
उत्पीड़ित लोग किसी भी कीमत पर उत्पीड़कों जैसा दिखना चाहते हैं। "वे खुद को अज्ञानी कहते हैं और कहते हैं कि 'गुरु' ही वह है जिसके पास ज्ञान है और जिसकी बात उन्हें सुननी चाहिए।" "वे शायद ही कभी यह समझ पाते हैं कि वे भी उन 'चीजों को जानते हैं' जो उन्होंने दुनिया के साथ अपने मेल-जोल से सीखी हैं।"
The oppressed want at any cost to resemble the oppressors." "They call themselves ignorant and say the 'professor' is the one who has knowledge and to whom they should listen." "Almost never do they realize that they, too, 'know things' they have learned in their relations with the world.
The oppressed want at any cost to resemble the oppressors." "They call themselves ignorant and say the 'professor' is the one who has knowledge and to whom they should listen." "Almost never do they realize that they, too, 'know things' they have learned in their relations with the world.
हमें पहले से ही इस बात के लिए तैयार रहना चाहिए कि कोई भी पाठ आसानी से पाठक की जिज्ञासा के दायरे में नहीं आता... किसी पाठ को पढ़ना पाठक और पाठ के बीच का एक लेन-देन है, जो पाठक और लेखक के बीच की कड़ी का काम करता है। यह पाठक और लेखक के बीच की एक ऐसी रचना है जिसमें पाठक लेखक की भावना से गद्दारी न करने का पूरा प्रयास करते हुए पाठ को "फिर से लिखता" है।
We must be forewarned that only rarely does a text easily lend itself to the reader's curiosity... the reading of a text is a transaction between the reader and the text, which mediates the encounter between the reader and writer. It is a composition between the reader and the writer in which the reader "rewrites" the text making a determined effort not to betray the author's spirit.
We must be forewarned that only rarely does a text easily lend itself to the reader's curiosity... the reading of a text is a transaction between the reader and the text, which mediates the encounter between the reader and writer. It is a composition between the reader and the writer in which the reader "rewrites" the text making a determined effort not to betray the author's spirit.
कोई तथ्य जिसे नकारा तो नहीं जाता, लेकिन जिसकी सच्चाई को अपने अनुकूल तर्क गढ़कर बदल दिया जाता है, वह अपना वास्तविक आधार खो देता है। वह ठोस नहीं रहता बल्कि उसे देखने वाले वर्ग के बचाव में गढ़ा गया एक मिथक बनकर रह जाता है।
A fact which is not denied but whose truths are rationalized loses its objective base. It ceases to be concrete and becomes a myth created in defense of the class of the perceiver.
A fact which is not denied but whose truths are rationalized loses its objective base. It ceases to be concrete and becomes a myth created in defense of the class of the perceiver.
जो लोग यथार्थ में डूबे हुए थे और केवल अपनी ज़रूरतों को महसूस कर रहे थे, वे उस यथार्थ से बाहर आते हैं और अपनी ज़रूरतों के कारणों को समझते हैं।
Individuals who were submerged in reality, merely feeling their needs, emerge from reality and perceive the causes of their needs.
Individuals who were submerged in reality, merely feeling their needs, emerge from reality and perceive the causes of their needs.
कई बार शिक्षा के कुछ दार्शनिकों ने मेरी आलोचना की है और मुझे ऐसी श्रेणी में रखा है जिसे वे अपमानजनक तरीके से 'क्रांतिकारी' कहते हैं। लेकिन मुझे इस बात की संतुष्टि रही है कि मुझे उन समाजों में काम करने के लिए आमंत्रित किया गया जो बिना डगमगाए प्रगति की दिशा में प्रयास कर रहे थे। वे बदल रहे थे, और इसलिए उन्होंने मुझे बुलाया।
At times, I have been criticized by some philosophers of education, who place me in postures that they classify pejoratively as 'revolutionary.' But I have had the satisfaction of being invited to work in societies making progressive efforts without wavering. They were changing, and so they called on me.
At times, I have been criticized by some philosophers of education, who place me in postures that they classify pejoratively as 'revolutionary.' But I have had the satisfaction of being invited to work in societies making progressive efforts without wavering. They were changing, and so they called on me.
शिक्षा या तो एक ऐसे उपकरण के रूप में काम करती है जिसका उपयोग युवा पीढ़ी को वर्तमान व्यवस्था की सोच के अनुकूल ढालने और उनमें आज्ञाकारिता लाने के लिए किया जाता है, या फिर यह स्वतंत्रता का अभ्यास बनती है, एक ऐसा माध्यम जिसके द्वारा स्त्री-पुरुष यथार्थ का आलोचनात्मक और रचनात्मक रूप से सामना करते हैं और यह सीखते हैं कि अपनी दुनिया के रूपांतरण में कैसे योगदान देना है।
Education either functions as an instrument which is used to facilitate integration of the younger generation into the logic of the present system and bring about conformity or it becomes the practice of freedom, the means by which men and women deal critically and creatively with reality and discover how to participate in the transformation of their world.
Education either functions as an instrument which is used to facilitate integration of the younger generation into the logic of the present system and bring about conformity or it becomes the practice of freedom, the means by which men and women deal critically and creatively with reality and discover how to participate in the transformation of their world.
शिक्षा प्रेम का एक कार्य है, और इस प्रकार यह साहस का भी एक कार्य है
Education is an act of love, and thus an act of courage
Education is an act of love, and thus an act of courage
शिक्षकों को यह जानने की आवश्यकता है कि उन बच्चों की दुनिया में क्या चल रहा है जिनके साथ वे काम करते हैं। उन्हें बच्चों के सपनों की दुनिया को जानने की ज़रूरत है, उस भाषा को समझने की ज़रूरत है जिससे वे अपनी दुनिया की आक्रामकता से चतुराई से अपना बचाव करते हैं, यह जानने की ज़रूरत है कि वे स्कूल से अलग क्या जानते हैं और कैसे जानते हैं।
Educators need to know what happens in the world of the children with whom they work. They need to know the universe of their dreams, the language with which they skillfully defend themselves from the aggressiveness of their world, what they know independently of the school, and how they know it.
Educators need to know what happens in the world of the children with whom they work. They need to know the universe of their dreams, the language with which they skillfully defend themselves from the aggressiveness of their world, what they know independently of the school, and how they know it.
भविष्य किसी कोने में छिपा हुआ नहीं है। भविष्य वह है जिसे हम वर्तमान में बनाते हैं।
The future isn't something hidden in a corner.The future is something we build in the present.
The future isn't something hidden in a corner.The future is something we build in the present.
शिक्षक बेशक एक कलाकार होता है, लेकिन कलाकार होने का यह मतलब नहीं है कि वह छात्रों को अपने साँचे में ढाल सके, उनके व्यक्तित्व को अपनी मर्जी से आकार दे सके। शिक्षाविद् शिक्षण कार्य में जो करता है, वह यह है कि वह छात्रों के लिए ऐसा माहौल बनाता है कि वे खुद अपने असली रूप में विकसित हो सकें।
The teacher is of course an artist, but being an artist does not mean that he or she can make the profile, can shape the students. What the educator does in teaching is to make it possible for the students to become themselves.
The teacher is of course an artist, but being an artist does not mean that he or she can make the profile, can shape the students. What the educator does in teaching is to make it possible for the students to become themselves.
यह सोचना बेहद नादानी होगी कि प्रभावशाली और शासक वर्ग एक ऐसी शिक्षा प्रणाली को बढ़ावा देगा जो अधीन वर्गों को सामाजिक अन्याय को आलोचनात्मक दृष्टि से देखने में सक्षम बनाए।
It would be extremely naive to expect the dominant classes to develop a type of education that would enable subordinate classes to perceive social injustices critically.
It would be extremely naive to expect the dominant classes to develop a type of education that would enable subordinate classes to perceive social injustices critically.
अध्ययन करने का मतलब विचारों का उपभोग करना नहीं, बल्कि उन्हें गढ़ना और उनका पुनर्निर्माण करना है।
To study is not to consume ideas, but to create and re-create them.
To study is not to consume ideas, but to create and re-create them.
चूँकि प्रेम भय का नहीं बल्कि साहस का कार्य है, इसलिए प्रेम दूसरों के प्रति एक प्रतिबद्धता है। उत्पीड़ित लोग चाहे कहीं भी हों, प्रेम का कार्य उनकी मुक्ति के संघर्ष—मुक्ति के उस महान उद्देश्य—के प्रति पूर्ण समर्पण है।
Because love is an act of courage, not of fear, love is a commitment to others. No matter where the oppressed are found, the act of love is commitment to their cause--the cause of liberation.
Because love is an act of courage, not of fear, love is a commitment to others. No matter where the oppressed are found, the act of love is commitment to their cause--the cause of liberation.
जो नेता संवाद के ज़रिए काम नहीं करते, बल्कि अपने फ़ैसले दूसरों पर थोपने की ज़िद करते हैं, वे लोगों को संगठित नहीं करते—वे उनका इस्तेमाल करते हैं (उन्हें अपनी उंगलियों पर नचाते हैं)। वे न तो किसी को मुक्त करते हैं और न ही खुद मुक्त होते हैं: वे केवल उत्पीड़न करते हैं।
Leaders who do not act dialogically, but insist on imposing their decisions, do not organize the people--they manipulate them. They do not liberate, nor are they liberated: they oppress.
Leaders who do not act dialogically, but insist on imposing their decisions, do not organize the people--they manipulate them. They do not liberate, nor are they liberated: they oppress.
चिंतन और कार्रवाई को कभी भी एक-दूसरे से अलग करके नहीं किया जाना चाहिए।
Reflection and action must never be undertaken independently.
Reflection and action must never be undertaken independently.
एक सच्ची बात कहना, दुनिया को बदल देना है।
To speak a true word is to transform the world.
To speak a true word is to transform the world.
कोई भी व्यक्ति पूरी तरह बनकर पैदा नहीं होता; दुनिया में खुद के अनुभवों से ही हम वह बनते हैं जो हम वास्तव में हैं।
No one is born fully-formed: it is through self-experience in the world that we become what we are.
No one is born fully-formed: it is through self-experience in the world that we become what we are.
जितने अधिक लोग अपनी शिक्षा की प्रक्रिया में हिस्सा लेते हैं, और जितना अधिक वे यह तय करने में भाग लेते हैं कि किस तरह का उत्पादन करना है, किसके लिए और क्यों, उतने ही अधिक लोग अपने विकास में भागीदार बनते हैं। लोग जितने अधिक खुद को पहचानते हैं, लोकतंत्र उतना ही बेहतर होता जाता है।
The more people participate in the process of their own education, and the more people participate in defining what kind of production to produce, and for what and why, the more people participate in the development of their selves. The more people become themselves, the better the democracy.
The more people participate in the process of their own education, and the more people participate in defining what kind of production to produce, and for what and why, the more people participate in the development of their selves. The more people become themselves, the better the democracy.
केवल वे पीड़ित ही, जो खुद को आज़ाद कराते हैं, अपने उत्पीड़कों को भी आज़ादी दिला सकते हैं।
It is only the oppressed who, by freeing themselves, can free their oppressors.
It is only the oppressed who, by freeing themselves, can free their oppressors.
मुक्ति एक व्यावहारिक प्रक्रिया (प्रैक्सिस) है: यह अपनी दुनिया को बदलने के लिए स्त्री-पुरुषों का उस पर विचार करना और उसके अनुसार कार्य करना है।
Liberation is a praxis: the action and reflection of men and women upon their world in order to transform it.
Liberation is a praxis: the action and reflection of men and women upon their world in order to transform it.