क्षमता संवर्धन (एनहांसमेंट) को पूरी तरह से बाजार के भरोसे छोड़ने को लेकर मेरी मुख्य चिंता यह है कि तब अमीर लोग अपने लिए आनुवंशिक रूप से (जेनेटिकली) बेहतर बच्चे खरीद सकेंगे और गरीब लोग ऐसा नहीं कर पाएंगे - जिससे हमारे समाज में वर्गभेद और गहरा हो जाएगा। इस समस्या से पार पाया जा सकता है यदि आनुवंशिक संवर्धन सभी के लिए उपलब्ध हो और राज्य द्वारा सब्सिडी प्राप्त हो - और समय के साथ, इससे समाज को भी फायदा होगा।

My major concern about leaving enhancement to the marketplace is that then the rich will be able to buy themselves genetically superior children and the poor will not - sharpening the class divisions we have now. That problem could be overcome if, genetic enhancement were available to all, subsidized by the state - and that would, over time, have benefits for society as well.

My major concern about leaving enhancement to the marketplace is that then the rich will be able to buy themselves genetically superior children and the poor will not - sharpening the class divisions we have now. That problem could be overcome if, genetic enhancement were available to all, subsidized by the state - and that would, over time, have benefits for society as well.

समस्या एथलीटों के साथ नहीं, बल्कि हम लोगों के साथ है। ड्रग्स के इस्तेमाल की बात चाहे जितनी खुलकर सामने आ जाए, हम टूर डी फ्रांस देखना बंद नहीं करते। शायद हमें बस अपना टेलीविजन बंद कर देना चाहिए और खुद अपनी साइकिलों पर निकल पड़ना चाहिए।

The problem is not with the athletes, but with us. No matter how blatant the drug use may be, we don't stop watching the Tour de France. Maybe we should just turn off the television and get on our own bikes.

The problem is not with the athletes, but with us. No matter how blatant the drug use may be, we don't stop watching the Tour de France. Maybe we should just turn off the television and get on our own bikes.

मैं ऐसे समाज का हिस्सा बनना ज्यादा पसंद करूंगा जो उन लोगों का बहुत सम्मान और आदर करता है जो परोपकारी हैं और अपने परोपकार में असरदार भी हैं, न कि ऐसे समाज का जो लोगों की इसलिए तारीफ करता है क्योंकि वे, आप जानते ही हैं, मशहूर फिल्मी सितारे हैं या फिर बहुत अमीर हैं, भले ही उन्होंने अपने उस धन का इस्तेमाल किसी भी काम में क्यों न किया हो। क्योंकि मुझे लगता है कि हमें ज्यादा से ज्यादा लोगों को परोपकारी तरीके से काम करने के लिए प्रेरित करना चाहिए।

I'd much rather be part of a society which greatly honors and respects people who are altruists and who are effective in their altruism, than one that either admires people because they're, you know, celebrity movie stars or because they're super wealthy just no matter what they do with their wealth because I think we ought to try to encourage more people to act in that way.

I'd much rather be part of a society which greatly honors and respects people who are altruists and who are effective in their altruism, than one that either admires people because they're, you know, celebrity movie stars or because they're super wealthy just no matter what they do with their wealth because I think we ought to try to encourage more people to act in that way.

कभी-कभी हम जानते हैं कि सबसे अच्छा काम क्या है, लेकिन हम उसे कर नहीं पाते। नए साल के संकल्प अक्सर ऐसे ही होते हैं। हम संकल्प इसलिए लेते हैं क्योंकि हम जानते हैं कि वजन घटाना, फिट होना या अपने बच्चों के साथ ज्यादा समय बिताना हमारे लिए बेहतर होगा। समस्या यह है कि संकल्प लेना जितना आसान होता है, उस पर टिके रहना उतना ही मुश्किल होता है।

Sometimes we know the best thing to do, but fail to do it. New year's resolutions are often like that. We make resolutions because we know it would be better for us to lose weight, or get fit, or spend more time with our children. The problem is that a resolution is generally easier to break than it is to keep.

Sometimes we know the best thing to do, but fail to do it. New year's resolutions are often like that. We make resolutions because we know it would be better for us to lose weight, or get fit, or spend more time with our children. The problem is that a resolution is generally easier to break than it is to keep.

सभी के कल्याण को अधिकतम करने का लक्ष्य एक ऐसी नैतिकता से बेहतर तरीके से हासिल किया जा सकता है जो हमारी स्वाभाविक प्रवृत्तियों को स्वीकार करे और उन्हें इस तरह से साधे कि कुल मिलाकर यह व्यवस्था हर किसी के फायदे के लिए काम करे।

The goal of maximizing the welfare of all may be better achieved by an ethic that accepts our inclinations and harnesses them so that, taken as a whole, the system works to everyone's advantage.

The goal of maximizing the welfare of all may be better achieved by an ethic that accepts our inclinations and harnesses them so that, taken as a whole, the system works to everyone's advantage.

जो व्यक्ति अपनी जरूरत से दोगुना फैक्ट्री-फार्मिंग (औद्योगिक पशुपालन) से जुड़े उत्पादों को खाता है, वह स्पष्ट रूप से इस ग्रह को दोगुना नुकसान पहुँचा रहा है। उपयोगितावादी दृष्टिकोण से देखा जाए, तो यह बात उससे दोगुनी बुरी है।

Somebody who eats twice as much factory-farmed products as he or she needs to is clearly doing twice as much damage to the planet. From a utilitarian point of view, that's twice as bad.

Somebody who eats twice as much factory-farmed products as he or she needs to is clearly doing twice as much damage to the planet. From a utilitarian point of view, that's twice as bad.

यह माना जा सकता है कि जीवन रक्षक दवाओं के परीक्षण जानवरों पर करना उचित है, लेकिन बिल्कुल इसी तरह के परीक्षण सौंदर्य प्रसाधन (कॉस्मेटिक्स), खाद्य रंगों और फर्श की पॉलिश जैसी चीजों के लिए भी किए जाते हैं। क्या सिर्फ इसलिए हजारों जानवरों को पीड़ा सहनी चाहिए ताकि लिपस्टिक या फ्लोरवैक्स का कोई नया प्रकार बाजार में लाया जा सके? क्या हमारे पास पहले से ही इनमें से ज्यादातर उत्पाद जरूरत से ज्यादा मात्रा में मौजूद नहीं हैं? उन कंपनियों को छोड़कर जो इनसे मुनाफा कमाना चाहती हैं, इन्हें बाजार में लाने से किसका भला होता है?

It may be thought justifiable to require tests on animals of potentially life-saving drugs, but the same kinds of tests are used for products like cosmetics, food coloring, and floor polishes. Should thousands of animals suffer so that a new kind of lipstick or floor wax can be put on the market? Don't we already have an excess of most of these products? Who benefits from their introduction, except the companies that hope to profit from them?

It may be thought justifiable to require tests on animals of potentially life-saving drugs, but the same kinds of tests are used for products like cosmetics, food coloring, and floor polishes. Should thousands of animals suffer so that a new kind of lipstick or floor wax can be put on the market? Don't we already have an excess of most of these products? Who benefits from their introduction, except the companies that hope to profit from them?

मुझे डर है कि रोबोटिक्स और सेना के मामले में भी यही होने वाला है। सबसे जरूरी बात यह है कि इस चर्चा में केवल वैज्ञानिकों को ही नहीं, बल्कि राजनीति विज्ञान के जानकारों को भी शामिल होना चाहिए। यह एक बहु-विषयक (मल्टीडिसिप्लिनरी) चर्चा होनी चाहिए। परमाणु बम पर काम करने वाले लोगों के साथ जो हुआ, आप उसे दोबारा नहीं दोहरा सकते।

My fear is that that's what's going to happen with robotics and the military. Importantly, this discussion has to involve not just the scientists, but also the political scientists. It's got to be a multidisciplinary discussion. You can't have it be another repeat of what happened with the people working on the atomic bomb.

My fear is that that's what's going to happen with robotics and the military. Importantly, this discussion has to involve not just the scientists, but also the political scientists. It's got to be a multidisciplinary discussion. You can't have it be another repeat of what happened with the people working on the atomic bomb.

युद्ध और रक्षा मुद्दों का अध्ययन करने वाले लोगों की मेरी दुनिया में, हम रोबोटिक्स के बारे में बात तक नहीं करते थे। हम इस पर बात नहीं करते क्योंकि इसे محض विज्ञान कथा (साइंस फिक्शन) मान लिया जाता है। यह तो एक ठंडी, कठोर और धातु से बनी सच्चाई है।

In my world of the people who study war and defense issues, we simply did not talk about robotics. We do not talk about it because it's seen as mere science fiction. It's cold, hard, metallic reality.

In my world of the people who study war and defense issues, we simply did not talk about robotics. We do not talk about it because it's seen as mere science fiction. It's cold, hard, metallic reality.

तर्क करना शुरू करना किसी ऐसे एस्केलेटर पर कदम रखने जैसा है जो ऊपर की ओर ले जाता है और आँखों से ओझल हो जाता है। एक बार जब हम पहला कदम उठा लेते हैं, तो तय की जाने वाली दूरी हमारी इच्छा पर निर्भर नहीं करती और हम पहले से यह नहीं जान सकते कि हम कहाँ पहुँचेंगे।

Beginning to reason is like stepping onto an escalator that leads upward and out of sight. Once we take the first step, the distance to be traveled is independent of our will and we cannot know in advance where we shall end.

Beginning to reason is like stepping onto an escalator that leads upward and out of sight. Once we take the first step, the distance to be traveled is independent of our will and we cannot know in advance where we shall end.

सशस्त्र स्वायत्त रोबोटों के मुद्दे पर यदि हम महज़ इसलिए आँखें मूँद कर बैठ रहे हैं कि यह हमें विज्ञान कथा जैसा लगता है, तो इतिहास हमें कभी माफ़ नहीं करेगा।

History is not going to look kindly on us if we just keep our head in the sand on armed autonomous robotics issue because it sounds too science fiction.

History is not going to look kindly on us if we just keep our head in the sand on armed autonomous robotics issue because it sounds too science fiction.

वर्तमान में वैज्ञानिक इसलिए विकल्पों की तलाश नहीं करते क्योंकि वे उन जानवरों की परवाह ही नहीं करते जिनका वे इस्तेमाल कर रहे हैं।

At present scientists do not look for alternatives simply because they do not care enough about the animals they are using.

At present scientists do not look for alternatives simply because they do not care enough about the animals they are using.

अक्सर नैतिकता और सुविधा के बीच एक समझौता कर लिया जाता है।

More often there's a compromise between ethics and expediency.

More often there's a compromise between ethics and expediency.

इंटरनेट द्वारा लाई गई अभिव्यक्ति की यह नई आज़ादी सिर्फ़ राजनीति तक सीमित नहीं है। लोग अब एक-दूसरे से नए तरीकों से जुड़ रहे हैं, जो यह सवाल खड़ा करता है कि हमें ऐसे लोगों के साथ कैसा बर्ताव करना चाहिए जिनके बारे में हम सिर्फ़ एक ऐसे माध्यम से जानते हैं जो हर तरह की गुमनामी और धोखे की छूट देता है।

The new freedom of expression brought by the Internet goes far beyond politics. People relate to each other in new ways, posing questions about how we should respond to people when all that we know about them is what we have learned through a medium that permits all kinds of anonymity and deception.

The new freedom of expression brought by the Internet goes far beyond politics. People relate to each other in new ways, posing questions about how we should respond to people when all that we know about them is what we have learned through a medium that permits all kinds of anonymity and deception.

वर्णनात्मक स्तर पर, आप निश्चित रूप से यह उम्मीद करेंगे कि अलग-अलग संस्कृतियाँ अलग-अलग तरह की नैतिकता विकसित करें और ज़ाहिर है उन्होंने ऐसा किया भी है; लेकिन इसका मतलब यह नहीं है कि आप ऐसे सर्वोपरि नैतिक सिद्धांतों के बारे में नहीं सोच सकते जिनका पालन आप हर जगह लोगों से करवाना चाहें।

At the descriptive level, certainly, you would expect different cultures to develop different sorts of ethics and obviously they have; that doesn't mean that you can't think of overarching ethical principles you would want people to follow in all kinds of places.

At the descriptive level, certainly, you would expect different cultures to develop different sorts of ethics and obviously they have; that doesn't mean that you can't think of overarching ethical principles you would want people to follow in all kinds of places.

मुझे नहीं लगता कि मैदान में अकेली राष्ट्रवाद डटी हुई है; यह कई अलग-अलग चीज़ों के साथ होड़ में है।

I don't think nationalism is alone holding the field; it's in contention with a lot of different things.

I don't think nationalism is alone holding the field; it's in contention with a lot of different things.

मुझे नहीं लगता कि इस समझौते में ऐसा कुछ भी है जिसका मतलब यह हो कि नैतिकता का कोई टकराव हो रहा है।

I don't think there's anything in the compromise that means that there's a clash of ethics.

I don't think there's anything in the compromise that means that there's a clash of ethics.

अगर हम चंद्रमा पर इंसान भेज सकते हैं और मानव जीनोम का अनुक्रमण कर सकते हैं, तो हमें एक सार्वभौमिक डिजिटल सार्वजनिक पुस्तकालय के करीब की कोई चीज़ ज़रूर विकसित करनी चाहिए।

If we can put a man on the moon and sequence the human genome, we should be able to devise something close to a universal digital public library.

If we can put a man on the moon and sequence the human genome, we should be able to devise something close to a universal digital public library.

समुद्र में पकड़े और मारे जाने वाले जंगली मछलियों के लिए, और अधिकांश जगहों पर पाले जाने वाली मछलियों के लिए भी, मानवीय तरीके से वध करने का कोई नियम नहीं है।

There is no humane slaughter requirement for wild fish caught and killed at sea, nor, in most places, for farmed fish.

There is no humane slaughter requirement for wild fish caught and killed at sea, nor, in most places, for farmed fish.

मैं आपको बता सकता हूँ कि बहुत सारा पैसा अमेरिकी राजनीति को भ्रष्ट कर रहा है। इसके लिए अमेरिकी जनता को दोष मत दीजिए। अमेरिकी सुप्रीम कोर्ट को इसका जवाब देना होगा, क्योंकि उसने कांग्रेस के लिए अमेरिकी राजनीतिक जीवन पर पैसे के भ्रष्ट प्रभाव को कम करना असंभव बना दिया है।

I can tell you that too much money is corrupting American politics. Don't blame the American public. The U.S. Supreme Court has a lot to answer for, because it has made it impossible for Congress to reduce the corrupting influence of money on American political life.

I can tell you that too much money is corrupting American politics. Don't blame the American public. The U.S. Supreme Court has a lot to answer for, because it has made it impossible for Congress to reduce the corrupting influence of money on American political life.

मैं इसे लेकर बहुत ज़्यादा आशंकित नहीं हूँ, लेकिन मुझे लगता है कि कुछ चिंताजनक संकेत ज़रूर हैं, जैसे आबादी के बहुत ही छोटे हिस्से द्वारा धन का बढ़ता संचय, साथ ही अमेरिका में चुनाव किसी भी अन्य खुद को लोकतंत्र कहने वाले देश की तुलना में पैसे से कहीं अधिक प्रभावित होते हैं।

I'm not overly alarmist about it, but I do think there are some worrying signs, like the growing accumulation of wealth by a very small proportion of the population, plus elections in the US are much more dominated by money than anywhere else calling itself a democracy.

I'm not overly alarmist about it, but I do think there are some worrying signs, like the growing accumulation of wealth by a very small proportion of the population, plus elections in the US are much more dominated by money than anywhere else calling itself a democracy.

अगर हम कम मज़दूर सुरक्षा मानकों वाले देशों में मानव श्रमिकों के शोषण को लेकर चिंतित हैं, तो हमें और भी अधिक असहाय गैर-मानव जानवरों के साथ होने वाले व्यवहार के बारे में भी चिंतित होना चाहिए।

If we are concerned about the exploitation of human workers in countries with low standards of worker protection, we should also be concerned about the treatment of even more defenceless non-human animals.

If we are concerned about the exploitation of human workers in countries with low standards of worker protection, we should also be concerned about the treatment of even more defenceless non-human animals.

अगर आप पीछे समय में जाएँ तो आपको ऐसी जनजातियाँ मिलेंगी जो मूल रूप से केवल अपने ही जनजातीय सदस्यों की परवाह करती थीं। यदि आप किसी अन्य जनजाति के सदस्य थे, तो आपको बेखौफ मारा जा सकता था।

If you go back in time you'll find tribes that were essentially only concerned with their own tribal members. If you were a member of another tribe, you could be killed with impunity.

If you go back in time you'll find tribes that were essentially only concerned with their own tribal members. If you were a member of another tribe, you could be killed with impunity.

यदि आप पशु उत्पाद खरीद रहे हैं और वास्तव में फार्म पर जाकर यह देख सकते हैं कि जानवरों की देखभाल कैसे की जाती है, तो हाँ, यह एक महत्वपूर्ण बात है। यह खुद को यह आश्वस्त करने का निश्चित रूप से सबसे अच्छा तरीका है कि जानवरों के साथ अच्छा व्यवहार किया जा रहा है।

If you're buying animal products and can go to the farm and actually see how the animals are looked after, yes, that's an important point. That's definitely the best way of assuring yourself that the animals are being well treated.

If you're buying animal products and can go to the farm and actually see how the animals are looked after, yes, that's an important point. That's definitely the best way of assuring yourself that the animals are being well treated.

मेरा काम इस धारणा पर आधारित है कि हमारी नैतिक सोच में स्पष्टता और निरंतरता लंबे समय में हमें नैतिक मुद्दों पर बेहतर विचार अपनाने के लिए प्रेरित करेगी।

My work is based on the assumption that clarity and consistency in our moral thinking is likely, in the long run, to lead us to hold better views on ethical issues.

My work is based on the assumption that clarity and consistency in our moral thinking is likely, in the long run, to lead us to hold better views on ethical issues.

बुश को बुराई व्यापक दुनिया में बाहर नजर आती है, जो उन लोगों में बसती है जो 'आज़ादी से नफरत करते हैं'। कैदियों के साथ दुर्व्यवहार की तस्वीरों पर उनकी तत्काल प्रतिक्रिया को देखिए; यह वह नहीं है जो अमेरिकी करते हैं, ये हमारे मूल्य नहीं हैं।

Bush sees the evil as out there in the wider world, residing in people who 'hate freedom'. Look at his immediate response to the pictures of prisoner abuse; this is not what Americans do, these are not our values.

Bush sees the evil as out there in the wider world, residing in people who 'hate freedom'. Look at his immediate response to the pictures of prisoner abuse; this is not what Americans do, these are not our values.

रमस्फेल्ड ने अगर किसी भी समय यह कहा होता कि 'जो चल रहा है उसकी मुझे रिपोर्ट ला कर दो', तो वे उसे हासिल कर सकते थे। आप सही कह रहे हैं, यह उन चुनावों पर निर्भर करता है जो हम करते हैं, कि हम दुनिया के किन हिस्सों के साथ तुरंत संपर्क में रहना चाहते हैं।

Had Rumsfeld said at any time 'get me a report on what's going on', he could have had it. You're right, it depends on choices that we make, which parts of the world we want to be in immediate contact with.

Had Rumsfeld said at any time 'get me a report on what's going on', he could have had it. You're right, it depends on choices that we make, which parts of the world we want to be in immediate contact with.

मेरा मानना है कि हाल ही में जो हुआ है उसने उन शंकाओं की पुष्टि कर दी है जो मैंने अपनी किताब में व्यक्त की थीं, और मेरे द्वारा इंगित की गई कुछ बातों को और स्पष्ट कर दिया है। उदाहरण के लिए, किताब में मेरा एक हिस्सा है जहाँ मैं अत्याचार की संभावना के बारे में बात करता हूँ।

I suppose what's happened recently has confirmed suspicions I voiced in the book, and I think made clearer some of those things that I point out. For instance I have a section of the book where I talk about the possibility of torture.

I suppose what's happened recently has confirmed suspicions I voiced in the book, and I think made clearer some of those things that I point out. For instance I have a section of the book where I talk about the possibility of torture.

ऐसी स्थिति में जहाँ कई राष्ट्रीय नेता एक ही काम करते हैं और अपने राष्ट्रीय हितों का ध्यान रखते हैं, और ग्लोबल वार्मिंग जैसे मुद्दे के साथ, आपको शायद कोई समाधान न मिले, इसलिए मुझे लगता है कि इनमें से कुछ मुद्दों पर आपके पास किसी तरह का नैतिक दाँव होना चाहिए।

In a situation where many national leaders do the same thing and look out for national interests, and with an issue like global warming, you're likely to get no solution, so I think you have to have some kind of ethical trump on some of those issues.

In a situation where many national leaders do the same thing and look out for national interests, and with an issue like global warming, you're likely to get no solution, so I think you have to have some kind of ethical trump on some of those issues.

यह भी बहुत स्पष्ट हो गया है कि इराक पर कब्ज़ा दुनिया भर में अमेरिका की प्रतिष्ठा और साख को कितना नुकसान पहुँचा रहा है; और यह बात अब संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में भी असर दिखाने लगी है।

It's also much clearer how much damage the occupation of Iraq is doing to America's reputation and prestige around the world; and that's just starting now to hit home in the United States.

It's also much clearer how much damage the occupation of Iraq is doing to America's reputation and prestige around the world; and that's just starting now to hit home in the United States.

तो, मूल रूप से, मेरा दृष्टिकोण यह है कि मैं जानवरों के शोषण का समर्थन नहीं करना चाहता हूँ, और उचित सीमा के भीतर, मैं इससे बचने के लिए वह सब करूंगा जो मैं कर सकता हूँ, लेकिन ऐसा नहीं है कि यह मेरे लिए किसी धर्म जैसा है। ऐसा नहीं है कि अगर किसी तरह दूध या पनीर का कोई अंश मेरे मुँह में चला जाए तो मैं खुद को अछूत या दूषित मानता हूँ।

So, basically, my view is I don't want to support the exploitation of animals, and within reason, I will do what I can to avoid it, but it's not like it's a religion for me. It's not like I consider I'm polluted if somehow some bit of milk or cheese or something passes my lips.

So, basically, my view is I don't want to support the exploitation of animals, and within reason, I will do what I can to avoid it, but it's not like it's a religion for me. It's not like I consider I'm polluted if somehow some bit of milk or cheese or something passes my lips.

इंटरनेट के अराजकतावादियों की उम्मीद यह थी कि दमनकारी सरकारों के पास केवल दो ही विकल्प होंगे: या तो सूचना फैलाने की असीम संभावनाओं वाले इंटरनेट को स्वीकार करें, या फिर इंटरनेट की पहुँच को केवल शासक वर्ग तक सीमित रखें और 21वीं सदी से मुँह मोड़ लें, जैसा कि उत्तर कोरिया ने किया है।

The hope of internet anarchists was that repressive governments would have only two options: accept the internet with its limitless possibilities of spreading information, or restrict internet access to the ruling elite and turn your back on the 21st century, as North Korea has done.

The hope of internet anarchists was that repressive governments would have only two options: accept the internet with its limitless possibilities of spreading information, or restrict internet access to the ruling elite and turn your back on the 21st century, as North Korea has done.

मुझे लगता है कि यह बात भी सच है कि हम किसी न किसी रूप में प्रतिक्रिया देकर या न देकर, एक प्रकार से लगभग तुरंत ही विभिन्न जगहों पर प्रभाव डाल सकते हैं।

The idea that we can actually have an impact on places more or less instantly, too, by responding in some way or not responding, I think, also makes it true.

The idea that we can actually have an impact on places more or less instantly, too, by responding in some way or not responding, I think, also makes it true.

पेंटागन ने कहा था कि इन कैदियों को जिनेवा कन्वेंशन के अनुसार रखा गया था, और ज़ाहिर है कि इससे मुझे संतुष्टि नहीं हुई थी, लेकिन मैं यह साबित नहीं कर पाया कि वह गलत था; इसलिए अब हम उस बारे में ज़्यादा स्पष्ट हैं।

The Pentagon said that these prisoners were kept in accordance with the Geneva Convention, and of course I was not reassured by that, but I couldn't prove that that was wrong; so we're clearer about that.

The Pentagon said that these prisoners were kept in accordance with the Geneva Convention, and of course I was not reassured by that, but I couldn't prove that that was wrong; so we're clearer about that.

हमें यह सीखने की ज़रूरत है कि जंगली मछलियों को मानवीय तरीके से कैसे पकड़ा और मारा जाए - या, यदि यह संभव नहीं है, तो उन्हें खाने के कम क्रूर और अधिक टिकाऊ विकल्प तलाशे जाएँ।

We need to learn how to capture and kill wild fish humanely - or, if that is not possible, to find less cruel and more sustainable alternatives to eating them.

We need to learn how to capture and kill wild fish humanely - or, if that is not possible, to find less cruel and more sustainable alternatives to eating them.

खैर, बुनियादी ज़रूरतों की वास्तविक अवधारणा को अगर आप बिल्कुल सरल कर दें तो वे सीधे तौर पर वे शारीरिक ज़रूरतें हैं जो हम सभी के लिए अनिवार्य हैं। जैसे हमारे शरीर को चालू रखने के लिए पर्याप्त कैलोरी मिलना। अत्यधिक मौसम से बचने के लिए आश्रय होना। पीने के लिए सुरक्षित पानी होना, तो मुझे लगता है कि यही इसका मूल है।

Well the real concept of basic needs if you cut it right down are simply the physical needs that are unavoidable for all of us. So to have enough calories to keep our bodies going. Have shelter from extreme elements. To have water that is safe to drink, So I think that's the core of it.

Well the real concept of basic needs if you cut it right down are simply the physical needs that are unavoidable for all of us. So to have enough calories to keep our bodies going. Have shelter from extreme elements. To have water that is safe to drink, So I think that's the core of it.

अगर पेनिसिलिन का मूल्यांकन गिनी पिग पर इसकी विषाक्तता के आधार पर किया गया होता, तो शायद इंसानों द्वारा इसका कभी इस्तेमाल ही नहीं किया जाता।

If penicillin had been judged by its toxicity to guinea pigs, it might never have been used by man.

If penicillin had been judged by its toxicity to guinea pigs, it might never have been used by man.

हम आम तौर पर जो खाते हैं उसे नैतिकता का मामला नहीं मानते। चोरी करना, झूठ बोलना, लोगों को चोट पहुँचाना - ये कार्य स्पष्ट रूप से हमारे नैतिक चरित्र से जुड़े हैं। प्राचीन यूनान और रोम में, भोजन के बारे में नैतिक विकल्पों को सेक्स के बारे में नैतिक विकल्पों जितना ही महत्वपूर्ण माना जाता था।

We don't usually think of what we eat as a matter of ethics. Stealing, lying, hurting people - these acts are obviously relevant to our moral character. In ancient Greece and Rome, ethical choices about food were considered at least as significant as ethical choices about sex.

We don't usually think of what we eat as a matter of ethics. Stealing, lying, hurting people - these acts are obviously relevant to our moral character. In ancient Greece and Rome, ethical choices about food were considered at least as significant as ethical choices about sex.

नैतिक अहंकारवाद के दुर्भाग्य से, यह दावा कि हम सभी बेहतर स्थिति में होंगे यदि हम में से प्रत्येक वह करे जो उसके अपने हित में है, गलत है। यह उन स्थितियों से प्रदर्शित होता है जिन्हें "कैदी की दुविधा" (प्रिजनर्स डिलेमा) के रूप में जाना जाता है, जो नैतिक सिद्धांत की चर्चाओं में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा रही हैं... कम से कम सामूहिक स्तर पर, इसलिए, अहंकारवाद आत्म-पराजय वाला है - एक ऐसा निष्कर्ष जिसे परफिट ने अपने उपर्युक्त 'रीज़न्स एंड पर्सन्स' में बहुत अच्छे से प्रस्तुत किया है।

Unfortunately for ethical egoism, the claim that we will all be better off if every one of us does what is in his or her own interest is incorrect. This is shown by what are known as "prisoner's dilemma" situations, which are playing an increasingly important role in discussions of ethical theory... At least on the collective level, therefore, egoism is self-defeating - a conclusion well brought out by Parfit in his aforementioned Reasons and Persons.

Unfortunately for ethical egoism, the claim that we will all be better off if every one of us does what is in his or her own interest is incorrect. This is shown by what are known as "prisoner's dilemma" situations, which are playing an increasingly important role in discussions of ethical theory... At least on the collective level, therefore, egoism is self-defeating - a conclusion well brought out by Parfit in his aforementioned Reasons and Persons.

मेरा मानना है कि इस नई दुनिया में जिसमें हम रहते हैं, हमारे पास अक्सर यह ज़िम्मेदारी होती है कि हम महज़ "ऐसा मत करो" यानी दूसरों को नुकसान न पहुँचाने से आगे बढ़ें और कहें कि हम दूसरों की मदद कर सकते हैं और हमें दूसरों की मदद करनी चाहिए।

I believe that in this new world that we live in, we often have a responsibility, you know, to actually go beyond the thou shalt nots - that is, the not harming others - and say we can help others and we should be helping others.

I believe that in this new world that we live in, we often have a responsibility, you know, to actually go beyond the thou shalt nots - that is, the not harming others - and say we can help others and we should be helping others.

जब बच्चे सर्कस में जानवरों को देखते हैं, तो वे यही सीखते हैं कि जानवर सिर्फ हमारे मनोरंजन के लिए बने हैं। इन बेजुबान जानवरों को कैद करने और उन्हें सिखाने के नाम पर होने वाली क्रूरता को अगर एक तरफ भी रख दें, तो भी यह सोच ही अपने आप में शर्मनाक है कि हाथी या शेर जैसे भव्य जीवों को सर्कस के करतब दिखाने के लिए मजबूर करके हम उनके अपमान का आनंद लें। यह जानवरों के प्रति एक स्वतंत्र जीव के रूप में सम्मान की कमी को साफ दर्शाता है।

When children see animals in a circus, they learn that animals exist for our amusement. Quite apart from the cruelty involved in training and confining these animals, the whole idea that we should enjoy the humiliating spectacle of an elephant or lion made to perform circus tricks shows a lack of respect for the animals as individuals.

When children see animals in a circus, they learn that animals exist for our amusement. Quite apart from the cruelty involved in training and confining these animals, the whole idea that we should enjoy the humiliating spectacle of an elephant or lion made to perform circus tricks shows a lack of respect for the animals as individuals.

यूनिसेफ के अनुसार, गरीबी से जुड़ी और रोकी जा सकने वाली बीमारियों के कारण मरने वालों में लगभग 1 करोड़ बच्चे पाँच साल से कम उम्र के होते हैं। वे खसरा, दस्त और मलेरिया जैसी ऐसी बीमारियों से दम तोड़ देते हैं जिनका इलाज या रोकथाम बेहद आसान और सस्ती है।

Of those who die from avoidable, poverty-related causes, nearly 10 million, according to UNICEF, are children under five. They die from diseases such as measles, diarrhoea, and malaria that are easy and inexpensive to treat or prevent.

Of those who die from avoidable, poverty-related causes, nearly 10 million, according to UNICEF, are children under five. They die from diseases such as measles, diarrhoea, and malaria that are easy and inexpensive to treat or prevent.

क्या हम इस चुनौती का सामना करेंगे और अपने से कमजोर प्रजातियों के बेरहमी से हो रहे शोषण को रोककर अपनी सच्ची इंसानियत का सबूत देंगे? और ऐसा हम किसी विद्रोही या उग्रवादी के दबाव में आकर नहीं, बल्कि इसलिए करेंगे क्योंकि हमें अहसास हो चुका है कि हमारी यह स्थिति नैतिकता के बिल्कुल खिलाफ है?

Will we rise to the challenge and prove our capacity for genuine altruism by ending our ruthless exploitation of the species in our power, not because we are forced to do so by rebels or terrorists, but because we recognize that our position is morally indefensible?

Will we rise to the challenge and prove our capacity for genuine altruism by ending our ruthless exploitation of the species in our power, not because we are forced to do so by rebels or terrorists, but because we recognize that our position is morally indefensible?

मेरा उद्देश्य यह वकालत करना है कि हम जीवों के एक बहुत बड़े समूह—यानी इंसानों को छोड़कर बाकी सभी प्रजातियों (जिन्हें हम लोकप्रिय रूप से लेकिन गलत तरीके से 'जानवर' कहते हैं)—के प्रति अपने रवैये और सोच में बदलाव लाएं। दूसरे शब्दों में, मैं यह आग्रह कर रहा हूँ कि हम समानता के उस बुनियादी सिद्धांत को बाकी प्रजातियों पर भी लागू करें, जिसे हम में से ज्यादातर लोग अपनी ही प्रजाति के सभी सदस्यों के लिए सही मानते हैं।

My aim is to advocate that we make this mental switch in respect of our attitudes and practices towards a very large group of beings: members of species other than our own - or, as we popularly though misleadingly call them, animals. In other words, I am urging that we extend to other species the basic principle of equality that most of us recognize should be extended to all members of our own species.

My aim is to advocate that we make this mental switch in respect of our attitudes and practices towards a very large group of beings: members of species other than our own - or, as we popularly though misleadingly call them, animals. In other words, I am urging that we extend to other species the basic principle of equality that most of us recognize should be extended to all members of our own species.

जब मछलियों को ऐसी किसी तकलीफ से गुजरना पड़ता है जिससे बाकी जीवों को शारीरिक दर्द होता है, तो वे ऐसे संकेत देती हैं जिससे उनके दर्द का अहसास होता है, और उनके व्यवहार में यह बदलाव कई घंटों तक बना रह सकता है।

When fish experience something that would cause other animals physical pain, they behave in ways suggestive of pain, and the change in behaviour may last several hours.

When fish experience something that would cause other animals physical pain, they behave in ways suggestive of pain, and the change in behaviour may last several hours.

आम तौर पर, जानवरों पर प्रयोगों का समर्थन करने वाले लोग इस बात से इनकार नहीं करते कि जानवरों को दर्द होता है। वे इस सच्चाई से मुकर नहीं सकते, क्योंकि अपने प्रयोगों को इंसानों के लिए प्रासंगिक साबित करने के लिए उन्हें यह दिखाना ही पड़ता है कि इंसानों और जानवरों में कई समानताएं हैं। जो वैज्ञानिक चूहों को अल्सर (पेट का छाला) होने की पुष्टि करने के लिए उन्हें भूखा रहने या बिजली के झटके सहने के बीच चुनाव करने पर मजबूर करता है, वह ऐसा इसलिए कर पाता है क्योंकि चूहे का तंत्रिका तंत्र (नर्वस सिस्टम) इंसानों से बहुत मिलता-जुलता है और जाहिर है, वह भी बिजली के झटके के दर्द को इंसानों की तरह ही महसूस करता है।

Typically, defenders of experiments on animals do not deny that animals suffer. They cannot deny the animals' suffering, because they need to stress the similarities between humans and other animals in order to claim that their experiments may have some relevance for human purposes. The experimenter who forces rats to choose between starvation and electric shock to see if they develop ulcers (which they do) does so because the rat has a nervous system very similar to a human being's, and presumably feels an electric shock in a similar way.

Typically, defenders of experiments on animals do not deny that animals suffer. They cannot deny the animals' suffering, because they need to stress the similarities between humans and other animals in order to claim that their experiments may have some relevance for human purposes. The experimenter who forces rats to choose between starvation and electric shock to see if they develop ulcers (which they do) does so because the rat has a nervous system very similar to a human being's, and presumably feels an electric shock in a similar way.

अहंकार... न तो आर्थिक व्यवस्था बदलने से खत्म होता है और न ही चीजों की प्रचुरता से। जब इंसान की बुनियादी जरूरतें पूरी हो जाती हैं, तो नई 'जरूरतें' पैदा होने लगती हैं। हमारे समाज में लोग सिर्फ कपड़े नहीं, बल्कि फैशनेबल कपड़े चाहते हैं; रहने के लिए सिर्फ छत नहीं, बल्कि ऐसा घर चाहते हैं जिससे उनकी अमीरी और रईसी झलके।

Egoism... is not eliminated by economic reorganization or by material abundance. When basic needs are satisfied, new 'needs' emerge. In our society, people want no simply clothes, but fashionable clothes; not shelter, but a house to display their wealth and taste.

Egoism... is not eliminated by economic reorganization or by material abundance. When basic needs are satisfied, new 'needs' emerge. In our society, people want no simply clothes, but fashionable clothes; not shelter, but a house to display their wealth and taste.

विकासवाद (इवोल्यूशन) की कोई नैतिक दिशा नहीं होती। मानव स्वभाव की विकासवादी समझ हमें यह तो समझा सकती है कि जब हमारा सामना किसी एक व्यक्ति से होता है या लोगों की भीड़ से, या फिर अपने किसी करीबी से होता है या दूर रहने वाले किसी अजनबी से, तब हमारे मन में अलग-अलग भावनाएं क्यों जागती हैं; लेकिन यह उन भावनाओं को सही नहीं ठहराती।

Evolution has no moral direction. An evolutionary understanding of human nature can explain the differing intuitions we have when we are faced with an individual rather than with a mass of people, or with people close to us rather than with those far away, but it does not justify those feelings.

Evolution has no moral direction. An evolutionary understanding of human nature can explain the differing intuitions we have when we are faced with an individual rather than with a mass of people, or with people close to us rather than with those far away, but it does not justify those feelings.

दुनिया के कुछ हिस्सों में इसके नतीजे अब साफ दिखने लगे हैं। विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन के अनुसार, 1961 से 1990 के बीच के औसत वैश्विक तापमान की तुलना में, साल 2004 में धरती के गर्म होने की वजह से 1,40,000 अतिरिक्त मौतें हुईं। इसका मतलब यह है कि जलवायु परिवर्तन की वजह से हर हफ्ते उतनी ही मौतें हो रही हैं जितनी 11 सितंबर 2001 के आतंकवादी हमलों में हुई थीं।

In some parts of the world, what you are doing is already apparent.According to the World Health Organization, the warming of the planet caused an additional 140,000 deaths in 2004, as compared with the number of deaths there would have been had average global temperatures remained as they were during the period 1961 to 1990. This means that climate change is already causing, every week, as many deaths as occured in the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.

In some parts of the world, what you are doing is already apparent.According to the World Health Organization, the warming of the planet caused an additional 140,000 deaths in 2004, as compared with the number of deaths there would have been had average global temperatures remained as they were during the period 1961 to 1990. This means that climate change is already causing, every week, as many deaths as occured in the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.

पूंजीवादी व्यवस्था को एकदम सही तो नहीं कहा जा सकता, लेकिन आज तक हमें ऐसी कोई व्यवस्था नहीं मिली है जो विनियमित (रेगुलेटेड) पूंजीवाद, कल्याणकारी योजनाओं और स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं के उस मेल से बेहतर तरीके से इंसान की जरूरतें पूरी कर सके, जो पूंजीवादी व्यवस्था में पीछे छूट जाने वालों का भी खयाल रखती है। अगर कभी हमें इससे बेहतर व्यवस्था मिल गई, तो मुझे खुद को पूंजीवाद-विरोधी कहने में बेहद खुशी होगी।

Capitalism is very far from a perfect system, but so far we have yet to find anything that clearly does a better job of meeting human needs than a regulated capitalist economy coupled with a welfare and health care system that meets the basic needs of those who do not thrive in the capitalist economy. If we ever do find a better system, I'll be happy to call myself an anti-capitalist.

Capitalism is very far from a perfect system, but so far we have yet to find anything that clearly does a better job of meeting human needs than a regulated capitalist economy coupled with a welfare and health care system that meets the basic needs of those who do not thrive in the capitalist economy. If we ever do find a better system, I'll be happy to call myself an anti-capitalist.

लेकिन मुझे लगता है कि ज्यादातर गायों, और उससे भी कहीं ज्यादा मुर्गियों और सुअरों की जिंदगी बेहद दयनीय और कष्टदायक होती है।

But I think the majority of cows, and even more so chickens and pigs, are leading pretty miserable lives.

But I think the majority of cows, and even more so chickens and pigs, are leading pretty miserable lives.

हमारे पास बहुत अमीर लोगों की एक ऐसी नई पीढ़ी है जो अपने पैसों से सिर्फ महंगी चीजें नहीं खरीदना चाहती, बल्कि अपनी जिंदगी को एक सार्थक मकसद देना चाहती है।

We have a new generation of very rich people who want to do more with their money than buy a lot of expensive toys. They want to live meaningful lives.

We have a new generation of very rich people who want to do more with their money than buy a lot of expensive toys. They want to live meaningful lives.

मेरा मानना है कि राष्ट्रवाद एक बहुत बड़ी ताकत है, लेकिन इसके साथ-साथ और भी कई ताकतें काम कर रही हैं; कुछ ऐसी प्रवृत्तियां भी हैं जो हमें एक बड़े परिप्रेक्ष्य (बड़ी तस्वीर) की ओर ले जा रही हैं, खासकर यूरोप में, ऐसा मुझे लगता है; फिर भी मेरा यही मानना है कि राष्ट्रवाद एक हकीकत है।

I believe that nationalism is a very strong force, but there are other forces operating; there are tendencies pushing towards a larger picture, especially in Europe, I think; but I still think nationalism is real.

I believe that nationalism is a very strong force, but there are other forces operating; there are tendencies pushing towards a larger picture, especially in Europe, I think; but I still think nationalism is real.

हम परस्परता (लेना-देना) जैसी चीजें देखते हैं जो हमारी नैतिकता की सोच का एक अहम हिस्सा हैं। लेकिन अगर आप उन तयशुदा नियमों की बात कर रहे हैं जो हमें यह बताते हैं कि हमें क्या करना चाहिए, तो हाँ, यह इंसानों की ही बनाई हुई चीज़ है।

We see things like reciprocity which are fairly central to our view of ethics. But if you're talking about a set of worked-out rules on what we are supposed to do then, yes, it is a human product.

We see things like reciprocity which are fairly central to our view of ethics. But if you're talking about a set of worked-out rules on what we are supposed to do then, yes, it is a human product.

दर्द, दर्द होता है, और बिना वजह के होने वाले दर्द व कष्ट को रोकने की अहमियत सिर्फ इसलिए कम नहीं हो जाती क्योंकि जो जीव तकलीफ झेल रहा है, वह हमारी अपनी प्रजाति का नहीं है।

Pain is pain, and the importance of preventing unnecessary pain and suffering does not diminish because the being that suffers is not a member of our own species.

Pain is pain, and the importance of preventing unnecessary pain and suffering does not diminish because the being that suffers is not a member of our own species.

हमारी पुरानी आदतें हमें जानवरों पर होने वाली क्रूरता की कहानियों को यह कहकर खारिज करने पर मजबूर कर देती हैं कि यह तो बहुत भावुक बातें हैं या सिर्फ "जानवरों से प्यार करने वालों" के नखरे हैं; और अगर ऐसा नहीं भी सोचते, तो भी इंसानों की समस्याओं के मुकाबले यह समस्या इतनी छोटी लगती है कि कोई भी समझदार इंसान इस पर अपना वक्त और ध्यान बर्बाद नहीं करेगा। यह भी एक तरह का पूर्वाग्रह ही है—क्योंकि जब तक आप खुद यह देखने की जहमत नहीं उठाते कि समस्या कितनी बड़ी है, तब तक आप यह कैसे कह सकते हैं कि वह छोटी है?

Habits of thought lead us to brush aside descriptions of cruelty to animals as emotional, for "animal-lovers only"; or if not that, then anyway the problem is so trivial in comparison to the problems of human beings that no sensible person could give it time and attention. This too is a prejudice - for how can one know that a problem is trivial until one has taken the time to examine its extent?

Habits of thought lead us to brush aside descriptions of cruelty to animals as emotional, for "animal-lovers only"; or if not that, then anyway the problem is so trivial in comparison to the problems of human beings that no sensible person could give it time and attention. This too is a prejudice - for how can one know that a problem is trivial until one has taken the time to examine its extent?

...सेना और वायु सेना के प्रस्तावित प्रयोग इस तरह से डिजाइन किए गए थे कि अनगिनत जानवर सिर्फ कष्ट सहकर मर जाएं, बिना इस बात की कोई गारंटी के कि इस दर्द और मौत से किसी एक भी इंसान की जान बचेगी या इंसानों को कोई फायदा पहुंचेगा; और यही बात अकेले अमेरिका में हर साल किए जाने वाले लाखों अन्य प्रयोगों के बारे में भी कही जा सकती है।

...the proposed air force and army experiments were designed so that many animals would suffer and die without any certainty that this suffering and death would save a single human life or benefit humans in any way at all; but the same can be said of millions of their experiments performed each year in the United States alone.

...the proposed air force and army experiments were designed so that many animals would suffer and die without any certainty that this suffering and death would save a single human life or benefit humans in any way at all; but the same can be said of millions of their experiments performed each year in the United States alone.

अखबार भी इससे कुछ अलग नहीं करते। जानवरों से जुड़ी उनकी खबरें अक्सर "मानवीय रुचि" (ह्यूमन इंटरेस्ट) वाली घटनाओं तक सीमित होती हैं, जैसे चिड़ियाघर में किसी गोरिल्ला के बच्चे का जन्म, या फिर विलुप्त हो रही प्रजातियों पर मंडराता खतरा; लेकिन खेती-किसानी की उन तकनीकों में होने वाले बदलावों पर कोई बात नहीं होती जो करोड़ों बेजुबान जानवरों को चलने-फिरने की आजादी तक से महरूम कर देती हैं।

The newspapers do little better. Their coverage of nonhuman animals is dominated by "human interest" events like the birth of a baby gorilla at the zoo, or by threats to endangered species; but developments in farming techniques that deprive millions of animals of freedom of movement go unreported.

The newspapers do little better. Their coverage of nonhuman animals is dominated by "human interest" events like the birth of a baby gorilla at the zoo, or by threats to endangered species; but developments in farming techniques that deprive millions of animals of freedom of movement go unreported.

भले ही लोग यह जानते हों कि पारंपरिक पारिवारिक खेती पर अब बड़े व्यावसायिक घरानों का कब्जा हो गया है और प्रयोगशालाओं में कुछ संदेहास्पद प्रयोग भी किए जाते हैं, फिर भी वे इस धुंधले से भ्रम में जीते हैं कि हालात इतने भी बुरे नहीं होंगे, वरना सरकार या जीव-कल्याण संस्थाएं इस पर जरूर कुछ करतीं।

Even people who are aware that the traditional family farm has been taken over by big business interests, and that some questionable experiments go on in laboratories, cling to a vague belief that conditions cannot be too bad, or else the government or the animal welfare societies would have done something about it.

Even people who are aware that the traditional family farm has been taken over by big business interests, and that some questionable experiments go on in laboratories, cling to a vague belief that conditions cannot be too bad, or else the government or the animal welfare societies would have done something about it.

हमें जानवरों की जरूरतों और हितों का भी खयाल रखना चाहिए क्योंकि उनके पास भी अपनी जरूरतें हैं और उन्हें नैतिक दायरे से बाहर रखना पूरी तरह गलत है; इस सोच को इंसानों के फायदे से जोड़ना इस बात को स्वीकार करना है कि जानवरों की अपनी कोई अहमियत नहीं है और उनके भले के बारे में सोचना जरूरी नहीं है।

We ought to consider the interests of animals because they have interests and it is unjustifiable to exclude them from the sphere of moral concern; to make this consideration depend on beneficial consequences for human beings is to accept the implication that the interests of animals do not warrant consideration for their own sakes.

We ought to consider the interests of animals because they have interests and it is unjustifiable to exclude them from the sphere of moral concern; to make this consideration depend on beneficial consequences for human beings is to accept the implication that the interests of animals do not warrant consideration for their own sakes.

दर्द और तकलीफ अपने आप में बुरी चीजें हैं और जिस भी जीव को यह दर्द हो रहा है, उसकी नस्ल, लिंग या प्रजाति को देखे बिना इस दर्द को रोका या कम किया जाना चाहिए। कोई दर्द कितना गहरा है, यह इस बात पर निर्भर करता है कि वह कितना तीव्र है और कितनी देर तक रहता है; लेकिन एक जैसी तीव्रता और अवधि का दर्द चाहे इंसान को हो या जानवर को, दोनों के लिए बराबर रूप से बुरा होता है।

Pain and suffering are in themselves bad and should be prevented or minimized, irrespective of the race, sex, or species of the being that suffers. How bad a pain is depends on how intense it is and how long it lasts, but pain of the same intensity and duration are equally bad, whether felt by humans or animals.

Pain and suffering are in themselves bad and should be prevented or minimized, irrespective of the race, sex, or species of the being that suffers. How bad a pain is depends on how intense it is and how long it lasts, but pain of the same intensity and duration are equally bad, whether felt by humans or animals.

एक बात पक्की है: आपको करने के लिए ढेरों सार्थक काम मिल जाएंगे। आप बोर नहीं होंगे, और न ही आपकी जिंदगी में किसी अपनेपन या उद्देश्य की कमी खटकेगी। सबसे बड़ी बात यह है कि आपको इस बात का सुकून होगा कि आपका जीना और मरना बेकार नहीं गया, क्योंकि आप उन महान लोगों की परंपरा का हिस्सा बन चुके हैं जिन्होंने इस ब्रह्मांड के दुख-दर्द को देखकर दुनिया को एक बेहतर जगह बनाने की कोशिश की है।

One thing is certain: you will find plenty of worthwhile things to do. You will not be bored, or lack fulfillment in your life. Most important of all, you will know that you have not lived and died for nothing, because you will have become part of the great tradition of those who have responded to the amount of pain and suffering in the universe by trying to make the world a better place.

One thing is certain: you will find plenty of worthwhile things to do. You will not be bored, or lack fulfillment in your life. Most important of all, you will know that you have not lived and died for nothing, because you will have become part of the great tradition of those who have responded to the amount of pain and suffering in the universe by trying to make the world a better place.

धोखेबाज तब तक फलते-फूलते हैं जब तक कि ऐसे लोगों की संख्या काफी नहीं हो जाती जो उनके खिलाफ नफरत या नाराजगी पालते हैं और यह सुनिश्चित करते हैं कि वे आगे न बढ़ सकें।

Cheats prosper until there are enough who bear grudges against them to make sure they do not prosper.

Cheats prosper until there are enough who bear grudges against them to make sure they do not prosper.

अकेले पिछले 20 वर्षों में, इस वजह से हुई मौतें बीसवीं सदी (हिटलर और स्टालिन की उस सदी) के सभी गृहयुद्धों, आपसी लड़ाइयों और सरकारी जुल्मों में मरने वालों की कुल संख्या से भी ज्यादा हैं। उन भयावहताओं को रोकने के लिए हम क्या कुछ नहीं कुर्बान कर देते? फिर भी आज के इस विशाल जनसंहार और उसमें छिपे असीम दुखों को रोकने के लिए हम इतना कम क्यों कर रहे हैं? मेरा मानना है कि अगर आप इस किताब को अंत तक पढ़ेंगे, बिना किसी पक्षपात के हमारे हालात का गहराई से जायजा लेंगे, और तथ्यों तथा तर्कों दोनों को परखेंगे, तो आप भी इस बात से सहमत होंगे कि हमें अब चुप नहीं बैठना चाहिए, बल्कि कदम उठाना चाहिए।

In the past 20 years alone, it adds up to more death than were caused by all the civil and international wars adn government repression of the entire twentieth century, the century of Hitler and Stalin. How much would we give to prevent those horrors? Yet how little are we doing to prevent today's even larger toll and all the misery that it involves? I believe that if you read this book to the end, and look honestly and carefully at our situation, assessing both the facts and the ethical arguments, you will agree that we must act.

In the past 20 years alone, it adds up to more death than were caused by all the civil and international wars adn government repression of the entire twentieth century, the century of Hitler and Stalin. How much would we give to prevent those horrors? Yet how little are we doing to prevent today's even larger toll and all the misery that it involves? I believe that if you read this book to the end, and look honestly and carefully at our situation, assessing both the facts and the ethical arguments, you will agree that we must act.

जैसे-जैसे हमें यह अहसास होता जा रहा है कि ज्यादातर चीजें अब पूरी दुनिया को प्रभावित कर रही हैं, मुझे लगता है कि लोग भी अब संकीर्ण राष्ट्रीय हितों से ऊपर उठकर सोचने की इच्छा रखने लगे हैं।

As we realize that more and more things have global impact, I think we're going to get people increasingly wanting to get away from a purely national interest.

As we realize that more and more things have global impact, I think we're going to get people increasingly wanting to get away from a purely national interest.

अगर सच में जानवरों को वह बराबरी का दर्जा और हक मिलता जिसके वे हकदार हैं, तो हमारे देश में व्यावसायिक स्तर पर जानवरों का इस तरह शोषण और व्यापार नहीं हो रहा होता।

If they [animals] were really to get the equal consideration that I believe they should, we wouldn't have commercial animal production in this country.

If they [animals] were really to get the equal consideration that I believe they should, we wouldn't have commercial animal production in this country.

ऐसी परिस्थितियां भी आ सकती हैं जहाँ किसी जानवर पर किया जाने वाला प्रयोग किसी बहुत बड़े दर्द को इतना कम कर दे कि उस प्रयोग को करना जायज माना जाए, भले ही उस प्रक्रिया में जानवर को नुकसान पहुँचे... [यहाँ तक कि] भले ही वह जानवर एक इंसान ही क्यों न हो।

There could conceivably be circumstances in which an experiment on an animal stands to reduce suffering so much that it would be permissible to carry it out even if it involved harm to the animal... [even if] the animal were a human being.

There could conceivably be circumstances in which an experiment on an animal stands to reduce suffering so much that it would be permissible to carry it out even if it involved harm to the animal... [even if] the animal were a human being.

उचित परिस्थितियों में हम अपने लक्ष्यों को (या जानवरों की मदद करने के लक्ष्य को) पाने के लिए इंसानों का इस्तेमाल करने को भी जायज मान सकते हैं।

In appropriate circumstances we are justified in using humans to achieve goals (or the goal of assisting animals).

In appropriate circumstances we are justified in using humans to achieve goals (or the goal of assisting animals).

अगर आप बहुत पैसा कमाते हैं, तो आप बहुत सारा पैसा दान भी कर सकते हैं।

If you earn a lot of money, you can give away a lot of money.

If you earn a lot of money, you can give away a lot of money.

इंसान एक सामाजिक प्राणी है। हम इंसान बनने से पहले ही सामाजिक थे।

Human beings are social animals. We were social before we were human.

Human beings are social animals. We were social before we were human.

हर्बर्ट स्पेंसर को अब बहुत कम पढ़ा जाता है। दार्शनिक उन्हें एक बड़े विचारक के रूप में नहीं देखते। सामाजिक डार्विनवाद लंबे समय से अलोकप्रिय हो चुका है।

Herbert Spencer is little read now. Philosophers do not regard him as a major thinker. Social Darwinism has long been in disrepute.

Herbert Spencer is little read now. Philosophers do not regard him as a major thinker. Social Darwinism has long been in disrepute.

भाईचारा कभी नहीं हो सकता जब कुछ राष्ट्र ऐसी विलासिता में डूबे हों जिसकी पहले कभी कल्पना भी न की गई हो, जबकि अन्य देश भुखमरी से जूझ रहे हों।

There can be no brotherhood when some nations indulge in previously unheard of luxuries, while others struggle to stave off famine.

There can be no brotherhood when some nations indulge in previously unheard of luxuries, while others struggle to stave off famine.

नैतिकता के सिद्धांत एक सामाजिक और विचारशील प्राणी के रूप में हमारे अपने स्वभाव से आते हैं।

The principles of ethics come from our own nature as social, reasoning beings.

The principles of ethics come from our own nature as social, reasoning beings.

नैतिकता एक ऐसे दलदल की तरह प्रतीत होती है जिसे हमें पार करना होता है, लेकिन जब हम ऐसा करने की कोशिश करते हैं तो हम बुरी तरह उसी में फंस जाते हैं।

Ethics seems a morass which we have to cross, but get hopelessly bogged in when we make the attempt.

Ethics seems a morass which we have to cross, but get hopelessly bogged in when we make the attempt.

आप जो कह सकते हैं, और जो बात मैं इस किताब में साबित भी करता हूँ, वह यह है कि उन्हें अमेरिकियों की जिंदगियों की, या यहाँ तक कि जमे हुए अमेरिकी भ्रूणों की जितनी परवाह है, उतनी इराक के लोगों की जिंदगियों की परवाह नहीं है।

What you could say, and what I do argue in the book, is that he doesn't have as much concern for the lives of Iraqis as he does for the lives of Americans, or even frozen American embryos.

What you could say, and what I do argue in the book, is that he doesn't have as much concern for the lives of Iraqis as he does for the lives of Americans, or even frozen American embryos.

नौकरी छूटने पर लोगों को जो आर्थिक और मानसिक झटका लगता है, उसे किसी भी तरह से कम किए बिना भी, यह सच है कि समृद्ध देशों में बेरोजगारों के पास सामाजिक सुरक्षा भुगतान के रूप में एक सुरक्षा कवच होता है, और आमतौर पर उनके बच्चों के लिए मुफ्त स्वास्थ्य सेवा और मुफ्त शिक्षा भी होती है। उनके पास साफ-सफाई और पीने का सुरक्षित पानी भी होता है।

Without in any way minimising the economic and psychological blow that people experience when they lose their jobs, the unemployed in affluent countries still have a safety net, in the form of social security payments, and usually free healthcare and free education for their children. They also have sanitation and safe drinking water.

Without in any way minimising the economic and psychological blow that people experience when they lose their jobs, the unemployed in affluent countries still have a safety net, in the form of social security payments, and usually free healthcare and free education for their children. They also have sanitation and safe drinking water.

स्पेन में बुलफाइटिंग (सांडों की लड़ाई), दक्षिण कोरिया में कुत्तों का मांस खाने, या कनाडा में सील के छोटे बच्चों के शिकार का विरोध करना, और साथ ही उन मुर्गियों के अंडे खाना जारी रखना जिन्होंने अपना पूरा जीवन तंग पिंजरों में बिताया है, या उन बछड़ों का मांस खाना जिन्हें उनकी माताओं से, उनके उचित भोजन से और अपने पैरों को फैलाकर लेटने की आज़ादी से वंचित कर दिया गया है—यह बिल्कुल वैसा ही है जैसे दक्षिण अफ्रीका में रंगभेद की निंदा करना और साथ ही अपने पड़ोसियों से यह कहना कि वे अपने घर अश्वेतों को न बेचें।

To protest about bullfighting in Spain, the eating of dogs in South Korea, or the slaughter of baby seals in Canada, while continuing to eat eggs from hens who have spent their lives crammed into cages, or veal from calves who have been deprived of their mothers, their proper diet, and the freedom to lie down with their legs extended, is like denouncing apertheid in South Africa while asking your neighbors not to sell their houses to blacks.

To protest about bullfighting in Spain, the eating of dogs in South Korea, or the slaughter of baby seals in Canada, while continuing to eat eggs from hens who have spent their lives crammed into cages, or veal from calves who have been deprived of their mothers, their proper diet, and the freedom to lie down with their legs extended, is like denouncing apertheid in South Africa while asking your neighbors not to sell their houses to blacks.

मैं उन शाकाहारियों की नीयत पर सवाल नहीं उठाऊँगा जो पशु मुक्ति में बहुत कम रुचि लेते हैं क्योंकि वे अन्य मुद्दों को प्राथमिकता देते हैं; लेकिन जब मांसाहारी यह कहते हैं कि "मानव की समस्याएं पहले आती हैं," तो मैं यह सोचे बिना नहीं रह पाता कि वे इंसानों के लिए वास्तव में ऐसा क्या कर रहे हैं जो उन्हें खेत के जानवरों के इस बर्बर और क्रूर शोषण का समर्थन जारी रखने के लिए मजबूर करता है।

I would not question the sincerity of vegetarians who take little interest in Animal Liberation because they give priority to other causes; but when nonvegetarians say that "human problems come first" I cannot help wondering what exactly it is that they are doing for human beings that compels them to continue to support the wasteful, ruthless exploitation of farm animals.

I would not question the sincerity of vegetarians who take little interest in Animal Liberation because they give priority to other causes; but when nonvegetarians say that "human problems come first" I cannot help wondering what exactly it is that they are doing for human beings that compels them to continue to support the wasteful, ruthless exploitation of farm animals.

पशु मुक्ति आंदोलन का कहना है कि जहाँ जानवरों और इंसानों के हित समान हैं—हम शारीरिक दर्द से बचने की इच्छा को इसका एक उदाहरण मान सकते हैं, क्योंकि यह एक ऐसी इच्छा है जो इंसानों और अन्य जानवरों दोनों में स्पष्ट रूप से समान है—तो उन हितों को समान महत्व दिया जाना चाहिए, न कि केवल इसलिए स्वतः ही कम आंकना चाहिए क्योंकि उनमें से एक प्राणी मानव नहीं है।

The animal liberation movement is saying that where animals and humans have similar interests - we might take the interest in avoiding physical pain as an example, for it is an interest that humans clearly share with other animals - those interests are to be counted equally, with no automatic discount just because one of the beings is not human.

The animal liberation movement is saying that where animals and humans have similar interests - we might take the interest in avoiding physical pain as an example, for it is an interest that humans clearly share with other animals - those interests are to be counted equally, with no automatic discount just because one of the beings is not human.

मान लीजिए मैं यह मान भी लेता हूँ कि सुअर और कुत्ते कुछ हद तक आत्म-जागरूक होते हैं, और भविष्य की चीजों के बारे में सोचते भी हैं। इससे यह सोचने का कुछ आधार तो मिल जाता है कि उन्हें मारना मौलिक रूप से गलत है—पूरी तरह से गलत नहीं, बल्कि शायद एक काफी गंभीर गलती। फिर भी, कुछ अन्य जानवर ऐसे हैं—शायद मुर्गियाँ या मछलियाँ—जो दर्द तो महसूस कर सकते हैं, लेकिन उनमें आत्म-जागरूकता या भविष्य के बारे में सोचने की कोई क्षमता नहीं होती है। उन जानवरों के लिए, आपने मुझे ऐसा कोई कारण नहीं दिया है कि दर्द रहित हत्या क्यों गलत होगी, बशर्ते अन्य जानवर उनकी जगह ले लें और उतना ही अच्छा जीवन जिएं।

Suppose I grant that pigs and dogs are self-aware to some degree, and do have thoughts about things in the future. That would provide some reason for thinking it intrinsically wrong to kill them - not absolutely wrong, but perhaps quite a serious wrong. Still, there are other animals - chickens maybe, or fish - who can feel pain but don't have any self-awareness or capacity for thinking about the future. For those animals, you haven't given me any reason why painless killing would be wrong, if other animals take their place and lead an equally good life.

Suppose I grant that pigs and dogs are self-aware to some degree, and do have thoughts about things in the future. That would provide some reason for thinking it intrinsically wrong to kill them - not absolutely wrong, but perhaps quite a serious wrong. Still, there are other animals - chickens maybe, or fish - who can feel pain but don't have any self-awareness or capacity for thinking about the future. For those animals, you haven't given me any reason why painless killing would be wrong, if other animals take their place and lead an equally good life.

...अन्य जानवरों के तंत्रिका तंत्र को कृत्रिम रूप से नहीं बनाया गया था—जैसे कि किसी रोबोट को कृत्रिम रूप से बनाया जा सकता है—ताकि वे इंसानों के दर्द वाले व्यवहार की नकल कर सकें। दर्द महसूस करने की क्षमता स्पष्ट रूप से किसी प्रजाति के जीवित रहने की संभावनाओं को बढ़ाती है...यह मानना ​​निसंदेह अनुचित है कि जो तंत्रिका तंत्र शरीर विज्ञान की दृष्टि से लगभग समान हैं, जिनका एक समान उद्गम और एक समान विकासात्मक कार्य है, और जो समान परिस्थितियों में समान प्रकार के व्यवहार को जन्म देते हैं, वे वास्तव में व्यक्तिपरक भावनाओं के स्तर पर पूरी तरह से अलग तरीके से काम करते होंगे।

...the nervous systems of other animals were not artificially constructed - as a robot might be artificially constructed - to mimic the pain behavior of humans. A capacity to feel pain obviously enhances a species' prospects of survival...it is surely unreasonable to suppose that nervous systems that are virtually identical physiologically, have a common origin and a common evolutionary function, and result in similar forms of behavior in similar circumstances should actually operate in an entirely different manner on the level of subjective feelings.

...the nervous systems of other animals were not artificially constructed - as a robot might be artificially constructed - to mimic the pain behavior of humans. A capacity to feel pain obviously enhances a species' prospects of survival...it is surely unreasonable to suppose that nervous systems that are virtually identical physiologically, have a common origin and a common evolutionary function, and result in similar forms of behavior in similar circumstances should actually operate in an entirely different manner on the level of subjective feelings.

ऐसा क्यों है...कि जो शिकारी हिरण के मांस के लिए उसका शिकार करता है, उसकी आलोचना सुपरमार्केट से हैम खरीदने वाले व्यक्ति की तुलना में अधिक होती है? कुल मिलाकर, शायद वह सुअर अधिक प्रताड़ित हुआ है जिसे बड़े पैमाने पर फॉर्म में पाला गया था।

Why...is the hunter who shoots a deer for venison subject to more criticism than the person who buys a ham at the supermarket? Overall, it is probably the intensively reared pig who has suffered more.

Why...is the hunter who shoots a deer for venison subject to more criticism than the person who buys a ham at the supermarket? Overall, it is probably the intensively reared pig who has suffered more.

नैतिकता की मूल भावना हमारी प्रजाति में गहराई से रची-बसी है और हर जगह इंसानों में समान रूप से पाई जाती है। यह सबसे भयानक कठिनाइयों और इंसानों से उनकी इंसानियत छीनने के सबसे क्रूर प्रयासों को भी झेल कर जीवित रहती है। इसके बावजूद, कुछ लोग इस विचार का विरोध करते हैं कि इस मूल भावना का एक जैविक आधार है जिसे हमने अपने पूर्व-मानव पूर्वजों से विरासत में पाया है।

The core of ethics runs deep in our species and is common to human beings everywhere. It survives the most appalling hardships and the most ruthless attempts to deprive human beings of their humanity. Nevertheless, some people resist the idea that his core has a biological basis which we have inherited from our pre-human ancestors.

The core of ethics runs deep in our species and is common to human beings everywhere. It survives the most appalling hardships and the most ruthless attempts to deprive human beings of their humanity. Nevertheless, some people resist the idea that his core has a biological basis which we have inherited from our pre-human ancestors.

दर्शनशास्त्र राजनीति नहीं है, और हम अपनी तमाम इंसानी सीमाओं के भीतर, विरोधियों पर अंक बनाने के बजाय, सच की तलाश करने की पूरी कोशिश करते हैं। किसी कमज़ोर विरोधी पर आसानी से जीत हासिल करने में बहुत कम संतुष्टि मिलती है, जबकि आप अपने विचारों के खिलाफ मौजूद बेहतर तर्कों को नजरअंदाज कर रहे हों।

Philosophy is not politics, and we do our best, within our all-too-human limitations, to seek the truth, not to score points against opponents. There is little satisfaction in gaining an easy triumph over a weak opponent while ignoring better arguments against your views.

Philosophy is not politics, and we do our best, within our all-too-human limitations, to seek the truth, not to score points against opponents. There is little satisfaction in gaining an easy triumph over a weak opponent while ignoring better arguments against your views.

अब यह आम तौर पर स्वीकार किया जाता है कि हमारी नैतिकता की जड़ें उन व्यवहार पैटर्नों में निहित हैं जो हमारे पूर्व-मानव पूर्वजों (यानी सामाजिक स्तनधारियों) के बीच विकसित हुए थे, और हम अपने जैविक स्वभाव के भीतर इन विकसित प्रतिक्रियाओं के अंशों को आज भी संजोए हुए हैं। हमने इन प्रतिक्रियाओं के बारे में काफी कुछ सीखा है, और हम यह समझने लगे हैं कि वे हमारी तर्क करने की क्षमता के साथ कैसे मेल खाती हैं।

It is now generally accepted that the roots of our ethics lie in patterns of behavior that evolved among our pre-human ancestors, the social mammals and that we retain within our biological nature elements of these evolved responses. We have learned considerably more about this responses, and we are beginning to to understand how they interact with our capacity to reason.

It is now generally accepted that the roots of our ethics lie in patterns of behavior that evolved among our pre-human ancestors, the social mammals and that we retain within our biological nature elements of these evolved responses. We have learned considerably more about this responses, and we are beginning to to understand how they interact with our capacity to reason.

यह दर्शनशास्त्र और नैतिकता का एक केंद्रीय हिस्सा है। अजनबियों के प्रति मेरा क्या कर्तव्य है? मेरे अपने परिवार के प्रति मेरा क्या कर्तव्य है? एक अच्छा जीवन जीना किसे कहते हैं? ये वे सवाल हैं जिनका सामना हम एक व्यक्ति के रूप में करते हैं।

That's a central part of philosophy, of ethics. What do I owe to strangers? What do I owe to my family? What is it to live a good life? Those are questions which we face as individuals.

That's a central part of philosophy, of ethics. What do I owe to strangers? What do I owe to my family? What is it to live a good life? Those are questions which we face as individuals.

व्यवसाय नैतिकता (बिज़नेस एथिक्स) की समस्याएँ हमेशा से अन्य पेशों, जैसे कि चिकित्सा, कानून, इंजीनियरिंग, दंत चिकित्सा, या नर्सिंग, की समस्याओं से अलग रही हैं।

Business ethics has always had problems that are distinct from those of other professions, such as medicine, law, engineering, dentistry, or nursing.

Business ethics has always had problems that are distinct from those of other professions, such as medicine, law, engineering, dentistry, or nursing.

इस अर्थ में कि आप सत्ता के केंद्र में नहीं हैं, जैसे कि किसी बड़े देश के राष्ट्रपति या प्रधानमंत्री, हर व्यक्ति हाशिए पर है; इस मामले में मेरी स्थिति कोई अनोखी नहीं है। मुझे लगता है कि अलग-अलग संदर्भों में प्रासंगिकता के अलग-अलग प्रकार होते हैं।

In the sense that you're not at the centre of power, like a president or prime minister of a major power, everyone is marginalised; my position doesn't isn't unique in that respect. I think there are different sorts of relevance in different contexts.

In the sense that you're not at the centre of power, like a president or prime minister of a major power, everyone is marginalised; my position doesn't isn't unique in that respect. I think there are different sorts of relevance in different contexts.

क्या व्यापार प्रबंधकों की प्रतिबद्धता केवल अपनी कंपनी की सफलता और पैसे कमाने से आगे भी किसी चीज़ के प्रति होती है? यह कहना मुश्किल है कि होती भी है। वास्तव में, कई व्यावसायिक नेता इस बात से इंकार करते हैं कि स्वार्थ और सभी के हितों के बीच कोई टकराव है भी।

Do business managers have a commitment to anything more than the success of their company and to making money? It would be hard to say that they do. Indeed, many business leaders deny that there is any conflict between self-interest and the interests of all.

Do business managers have a commitment to anything more than the success of their company and to making money? It would be hard to say that they do. Indeed, many business leaders deny that there is any conflict between self-interest and the interests of all.

लोग भले ही यह उम्मीद करते हों कि वे जो मांस खरीद रहे हैं, वह किसी ऐसे जानवर का है जिसकी मौत बिना किसी दर्द के हुई हो, लेकिन वे वास्तव में इसके बारे में जानना नहीं चाहते। फिर भी जो लोग अपनी खरीददारी के ज़रिए जानवरों को मारे जाने की वजह बनते हैं, वे इस बात से या अपने खरीदे हुए मांस के उत्पादन के किसी भी अन्य पहलू से अनजान रहने के हकदार नहीं हैं।

People may hope that the meat they buy came from an animal who died without pain, but they do not really want to know about it. Yet those who, by their purchases, require animals to be killed do not deserve to be shielded from this or any other aspect of the production of the meat they buy.

People may hope that the meat they buy came from an animal who died without pain, but they do not really want to know about it. Yet those who, by their purchases, require animals to be killed do not deserve to be shielded from this or any other aspect of the production of the meat they buy.

उदाहरण के लिए, झटपट खबरें पाने वाले प्राचीन काल के लोग इसके बारे में शायद ही कुछ कर पाते होंगे। ज़लख़्श (Xerxes) को अपनी सेना को इकट्ठा करने में फिर भी तीन महीने लगते, और हो सकता है कि वह सालों तक घर वापस न लौट पाता।

Ancient recipients of instant news probably couldn't do very much about it, for instance. Xerxes would still need three months to get his army together, and he might not get home for years.

Ancient recipients of instant news probably couldn't do very much about it, for instance. Xerxes would still need three months to get his army together, and he might not get home for years.

यदि विकासवाद जीवित रहने के लिए एक संघर्ष है, तो इसने परोपकारियों को बेरहमी से क्यों नहीं मिटाया, जो दूसरों के जीवित रहने की संभावनाओं को अपनी कीमत पर बढ़ाते प्रतीत होते हैं?

If evolution is a struggle for survival, why hasn't it ruthlessly eliminated altruists, who seem to increase another's prospects of survival at the cost of their own?

If evolution is a struggle for survival, why hasn't it ruthlessly eliminated altruists, who seem to increase another's prospects of survival at the cost of their own?

मानव सामाजिक संस्थाएँ मानव विकास के मार्ग को प्रभावित कर सकती हैं। जिस तरह जलवायु, भोजन की आपूर्ति, शिकारियों और चयन की अन्य प्राकृतिक शक्तियों ने हमारे स्वभाव को ढाला है, उसी तरह हमारी संस्कृति भी ऐसा कर सकती है।

Human social institutions can effect the course of human evolution. Just as climate, food supply, predators, and other natural forces of selection have molded our nature, so too can our culture.

Human social institutions can effect the course of human evolution. Just as climate, food supply, predators, and other natural forces of selection have molded our nature, so too can our culture.

जबकि संपत्ति के स्वामित्व वाला मध्यम वर्ग संपत्ति के अधिकारों के आधार पर अपने लिए स्वतंत्रता हासिल कर सकता था—इस प्रकार दूसरों को उस स्वतंत्रता से वंचित कर सकता था जो उन्हें मिली—वहीं संपत्तिहीन श्रमिक वर्ग के पास अपनी मानव होने की पहचान के अलावा कुछ भी नहीं है। इसलिए वे खुद को तभी मुक्त कर सकते हैं जब वे पूरी मानवता को मुक्त करें।

Whereas the property-owning middle class could win freedom for themselves on the basis of rights to property--thus excluding others from the freedom they gain--the property-less working class possess nothing but their title as human beings. Thus they can liberate themselves only by liberating all humanity.

Whereas the property-owning middle class could win freedom for themselves on the basis of rights to property--thus excluding others from the freedom they gain--the property-less working class possess nothing but their title as human beings. Thus they can liberate themselves only by liberating all humanity.

यदि हम कभी कोई बेहतर व्यवस्था पा लेते हैं, तो मुझे खुद को पूंजीवाद-विरोधी कहने में खुशी होगी।

If we ever do find a better system, I'll be happy to call myself an anti-capitalist.

If we ever do find a better system, I'll be happy to call myself an anti-capitalist.

कृपया यह 'तुम तर्क करते हो, इसलिए तुम महसूस नहीं करते' वाली बातें बंद करो। मैं महसूस भी करता हूँ, लेकिन मैं अपनी भावनाओं के बारे में सोचता भी हूँ। जब लोग कहते हैं कि हमें केवल महसूस करना चाहिए, तो मुझे गोरिंग (Göring) की याद आती है, जिसने कहा था 'मैं अपने खून से सोचता हूँ।' देखिए वह उसे कहाँ ले गया।

Lay off with the 'You reason, so you don't feel' stuff, please. I feel, but I also think about what I feel. When people say we should only feel I am reminded of Göring, who said 'I think with my blood.' See where it led him.

Lay off with the 'You reason, so you don't feel' stuff, please. I feel, but I also think about what I feel. When people say we should only feel I am reminded of Göring, who said 'I think with my blood.' See where it led him.

संभावना जीवन की मार्गदर्शिका है, और मृत्यु की भी।

Probability is the guide of life, and of death, too.

Probability is the guide of life, and of death, too.

पशु मुक्ति आंदोलन को सीधे तौर पर पर्यावरण आंदोलन के विरोध में खड़ा करना, जबकि मानव अहंकार और इस ग्रह पर उसके वर्चस्व से लड़ने में वे हमारे स्वाभाविक सहयोगी होने चाहिए थे।

Putting the AR movement directly in opposition to the environmental movement, which should be our natural allies in fighting human arrogance and domination of the planet.

Putting the AR movement directly in opposition to the environmental movement, which should be our natural allies in fighting human arrogance and domination of the planet.

मैं समझ नहीं पाता कि कोई भी वाकई यह कैसे सोच सकता है कि यदि आपके पास एक व्यक्ति की जान बचाने और दस लाख लोगों की जान बचाने के बीच कोई विकल्प हो, तो आप यह कहें—खैर, मैंने उस एक को बचा लिया—क्या आप इसे वाकई गंभीरता से ले सकते हैं? मैं तो नहीं ले सकता।

I don't see how anyone could really think that if you have a choice between saving the life of one person and saving the lives of a million people, to say - well, I've saved the one - can you really take that seriously? I can't.

I don't see how anyone could really think that if you have a choice between saving the life of one person and saving the lives of a million people, to say - well, I've saved the one - can you really take that seriously? I can't.

संयुक्त राष्ट्र अमेरिका में दान देना एक बहुत बड़ा क्षेत्र है। यह साल में 350 अरब डॉलर तक है। और फिर भी, मैं यह महसूस किए बिना नहीं रह सकता कि इसका एक बड़ा हिस्सा बर्बाद हो जाता है क्योंकि लोगों ने इस बारे में सोचा ही नहीं है कि इसे अधिक से अधिक प्रभावी ढंग से कैसे किया जाए।

Charitable giving is a huge sector in the United States. It amounts to $350 billion a year. And yet, I can't help feeling that a lot of that is wasted because people have not been thinking about how to do it as effectively as possible.

Charitable giving is a huge sector in the United States. It amounts to $350 billion a year. And yet, I can't help feeling that a lot of that is wasted because people have not been thinking about how to do it as effectively as possible.

ज़रा एक अंधे व्यक्ति के लिए गाइड डॉग (मार्गदर्शक कुत्ते) का उदाहरण लीजिए। यह एक अच्छा काम है, है ना? बिल्कुल। यह एक अच्छा काम है। लेकिन आपको यह भी सोचना होगा कि आप उन संसाधनों का इस्तेमाल और किस तरह कर सकते हैं। एक गाइड डॉग को प्रशिक्षित करने और उसके प्राप्तकर्ता को प्रशिक्षित करने में लगभग 40,000 डॉलर का खर्च आता है ताकि वह गाइड डॉग एक अंधे व्यक्ति की प्रभावी रूप से मदद कर सके। विकासशील देश में ट्रैकोमा से पीड़ित किसी अंधे व्यक्ति का इलाज कराने में लगभग 20 से 50 डॉलर का खर्च आता है। तो आप हिसाब लगाइए, आप एक अमेरिकी अंधे व्यक्ति को एक गाइड डॉग दे सकते हैं या फिर 400 से 2,000 लोगों को अंधेरे से मुक्ति दिला सकते हैं।

Take for example providing a guide dog for a blind person. That's a good thing to do, right? All right. It is a good thing to do. But you have to think what else you could do with the resources. It costs about $40,000 to train a guide dog and train the recipient so that the guide dog can be an effective help to a blind person. It costs somewhere between 20 and $50 to cure a blind person in a developing country if they have trachoma. So you do the sums, and you could provide one guide dog for one blind American or you could cure between 400 and 2,000 people of blindness.

Take for example providing a guide dog for a blind person. That's a good thing to do, right? All right. It is a good thing to do. But you have to think what else you could do with the resources. It costs about $40,000 to train a guide dog and train the recipient so that the guide dog can be an effective help to a blind person. It costs somewhere between 20 and $50 to cure a blind person in a developing country if they have trachoma. So you do the sums, and you could provide one guide dog for one blind American or you could cure between 400 and 2,000 people of blindness.

यदि आपके पास ढेरों पैसे कमाने की क्षमता है और आप उस कमाई को अपनी पसंद के सबसे असरदार चैरिटेबल संगठनों को लगातार दान देने का जज़्बा रखते हैं, तो शायद यह आपके द्वारा किया जाने वाला सबसे बेहतरीन काम हो सकता है। और साथ ही, यदि आप वॉल स्ट्रीट के बैंकर बन भी जाते हैं, तो मुझे लगता है कि आपको यह भी पता होना चाहिए कि आप अपने रोजमर्रा के काम के जरिए क्या कर रहे हैं, न कि सिर्फ पैसे कमाने और उन्हें दान देने तक ही सीमित रहें। बल्कि आपको यह सोचने की जरूरत है कि—क्या मैं अपने काम से किसी को नुकसान तो नहीं पहुँचा रहा हूँ?

If you have the abilities to earn a lot of money and if you have the character to persist in giving that to the most effective charities you can find, then that may be the best thing that you can do. And - also, if you do become a Wall Street banker, I think you need to be aware of what you're doing in terms of your daily work, not just earning money to give a lot away. But you need to think about - am I harming people through the work that I'm doing?

If you have the abilities to earn a lot of money and if you have the character to persist in giving that to the most effective charities you can find, then that may be the best thing that you can do. And - also, if you do become a Wall Street banker, I think you need to be aware of what you're doing in terms of your daily work, not just earning money to give a lot away. But you need to think about - am I harming people through the work that I'm doing?

अपने करियर पर पीछे मुड़कर देखने पर, मुझे लगता है कि मैं बहुत भाग्यशाली रहा हूँ कि सही समय पर सही जगह पर था, जिसकी वजह से मैं वह प्रभाव डाल पाया जो मैंने डाला।

Looking back on my career, I think I've been extremely fortunate to be in the right place at the right time in order to have the influence that I did.

Looking back on my career, I think I've been extremely fortunate to be in the right place at the right time in order to have the influence that I did.

ऐसे कई मामले हैं जहाँ विशेष स्कूली कार्यक्रमों के बिना भी प्रतिभाशाली बच्चों ने महान कार्य किए हैं। ऐसे प्रतिभाशाली बच्चे भी हैं जो विशेष स्कूलों में गए और दुनिया के लिए फायदेमंद ऐसा कुछ हासिल नहीं किया जिसके बारे में कहा जा सके। ठोस सबूतों के बिना, मुझे इस बात का कोई भरोसा नहीं है कि बौद्धिक रूप से प्रतिभाशाली बच्चों के लिए स्कूली कार्यक्रमों को वित्तपोषित करने से अत्यधिक गरीबी में जी रहे लोगों की मदद करने वाले सबसे अधिक लागत प्रभावी कार्यक्रमों से अधिक भलाई होगी।

There are many cases in which gifted children have done great things without special school programs. There are also gifted kids who have been to special schools and achieved nothing that has benefited the world as a whole. Without solid evidence, I have no confidence that funding school programs for the intellectually gifted would do more good than the most cost-effective programs to help people in extreme poverty.

There are many cases in which gifted children have done great things without special school programs. There are also gifted kids who have been to special schools and achieved nothing that has benefited the world as a whole. Without solid evidence, I have no confidence that funding school programs for the intellectually gifted would do more good than the most cost-effective programs to help people in extreme poverty.

हम में से हर कोई ऐसी चीज़ों पर पैसे खर्च करता है जिनकी हमें असल में कोई ज़रूरत नहीं होती। आप उन फालतू चीज़ों पर खर्च होने वाले पैसों को बचाकर 'अगेस्ट मलेरिया फाउंडेशन' जैसे संगठन को दे सकते हैं, जो आपके दिए गए पैसों का इस्तेमाल बच्चों की सुरक्षा के लिए मच्छरदानी खरीदने में करेगा। और हम यह पक्के तौर पर जानते हैं कि अगर हम मच्छरदानी उपलब्ध कराते हैं, तो उनका इस्तेमाल होता है, और वे मलेरिया से मरने वाले बच्चों की संख्या को कम करती हैं। शुक्र है कि ज़्यादा से ज़्यादा लोग इस विचार को समझ रहे हैं, और इसका नतीजा यह है कि प्रभावी परोपकार (इफेक्टिव अल्ट्रविज़्म) का एक बढ़ता हुआ आंदोलन सामने आ रहा है।

Each of us spends money on things that we do not really need. You could take the money you're spending on those unnecessary things and give it to this organization the Against Malaria Foundation which would take the money you had given and use it to buy nets to protect children. And we know reliably that if we provide nets, they're used, and they reduce the number of children dying from malaria. Fortunately more and more people are understanding this idea, and the result is a growing movement effective altruism.

Each of us spends money on things that we do not really need. You could take the money you're spending on those unnecessary things and give it to this organization the Against Malaria Foundation which would take the money you had given and use it to buy nets to protect children. And we know reliably that if we provide nets, they're used, and they reduce the number of children dying from malaria. Fortunately more and more people are understanding this idea, and the result is a growing movement effective altruism.

हम निश्चित रूप से उन चैरिटी संगठनों की समस्याओं को हल कर सकते हैं जो उन क्षेत्रों में काम कर रहे हैं जहाँ वे सबसे अधिक भлай कर सकते हैं। इसलिए यदि आप इस बात पर विचार करें कि अमेरिकी विदेशी सहायता का बजट 30 अरब डॉलर है, तो हाँ, हम वैश्विक गरीबी को कम करने में एक बड़ा योगदान दे सकते हैं, और दुनिया के सामने आने वाली अन्य बड़ी पर्यावरणीय समस्याओं से भी बहुत बेहतर तरीके से निपटना शुरू कर सकते हैं। इसलिए मुझे लगता है कि हम बहुत सारी समस्याओं को हल कर सकते हैं।

We certainly would resolve the problems of the charities that are working in areas where they can do the most good. So if you consider that the U.S. foreign aid budget is 30 billion, yes, we could make a major contribution to reducing global poverty, start to deal much better with some of the other big environmental problems that the world faces. So I think we could solve a lot of problems.

We certainly would resolve the problems of the charities that are working in areas where they can do the most good. So if you consider that the U.S. foreign aid budget is 30 billion, yes, we could make a major contribution to reducing global poverty, start to deal much better with some of the other big environmental problems that the world faces. So I think we could solve a lot of problems.

परोपकारी संतों की कमी के पीछे एक स्पष्ट विकासवादी व्याख्या है: अपने स्वार्थों के प्रति तीव्र झुकाव के बिना, हमारे पूर्वजों के लिए जीवित रहना, संतान पैदा करना और अपनी संतानों को भी ऐसा करने का मौका देना असंभव होता। अब परिस्थितियां बदल चुकी हैं और हम में से अधिकांश के लिए, जीवित रहना और संतान पैदा करना इतना संघर्षपूर्ण नहीं रहा है, लेकिन हम अभी भी अपने पूर्वजों के जीन को अपने भीतर लिए हुए हैं और वे हमारे व्यवहार को—तय नहीं करते, बल्कि—प्रभावित करते हैं।

There is an obvious evolutionary explanation for the scarcity of altruistic saints: Without a strong predilection for their own interests, our ancestors would have been unlikely to survive, reproduce, and give their own offspring a chance of doing the same. Now conditions have changed and for most of us, surviving and reproducing isn't such a struggle but we still carry the genes of our ancestors and they influence - not determine, but influence - our behavior.

There is an obvious evolutionary explanation for the scarcity of altruistic saints: Without a strong predilection for their own interests, our ancestors would have been unlikely to survive, reproduce, and give their own offspring a chance of doing the same. Now conditions have changed and for most of us, surviving and reproducing isn't such a struggle but we still carry the genes of our ancestors and they influence - not determine, but influence - our behavior.

मैं ऐसे कई लोगों को जानता हूँ जो दान देने के लिए सफलतापूर्वक पैसे कमा रहे हैं। यह हर किसी के लिए नहीं है, लेकिन जिन लोगों में ढेर सारे पैसे कमाने की क्षमता है और जो खुद पर पैसे खर्च करने के प्रलोभन से लड़ने का दृढ़ संकल्प रखते हैं, उनके लिए यह भलाई करने का एक बेहतरीन तरीका हो सकता है।

I know of a number of people who are successfully earning to give. That isn't for everyone but for those with the ability to earn a lot of money and the character to resist the temptation to spend it on themselves, it can be a great way to do good.

I know of a number of people who are successfully earning to give. That isn't for everyone but for those with the ability to earn a lot of money and the character to resist the temptation to spend it on themselves, it can be a great way to do good.

9/11 के बाद, अमेरिकी रेड क्रॉस को आतंकवादी हमलों के पीड़ितों की मदद के लिए दान में पचास करोड़ डॉलर से ज़्यादा मिले थे। पीड़ितों के परिवारों को पहले से ही विभिन्न सरकारी फंडों से पर्याप्त सहायता मिल रही थी, इसलिए रेड क्रॉस ने बस निचले मैनहट्टन के पार एक लकीर खींच दी और वहाँ के हर व्यक्ति को वित्तीय सहायता की पेशकश की, चाहे उन्हें इसकी ज़रूरत थी या नहीं।

After 9/11, the American Red Cross received more than half a billion dollars in donations to help the victims of the terrorist attacks. The families of the victims were already well-provided for by various government funds, so Red Cross simply drew a line across lower Manhattan and offered everyone there financial assistance, whether they needed it or not.

After 9/11, the American Red Cross received more than half a billion dollars in donations to help the victims of the terrorist attacks. The families of the victims were already well-provided for by various government funds, so Red Cross simply drew a line across lower Manhattan and offered everyone there financial assistance, whether they needed it or not.

जब आप ईसाई परंपरा में भोजन को एक नैतिक मुद्दे के रूप में देखते हैं, तो आपको इसके बारे में बहुत अधिक जानकारी नहीं मिलती। आपको यहूदी, इस्लामिक या हिंदू परंपराओं की तरह ऐसा नहीं मिलेगा, जहाँ बहुत सारे प्रतिबंध हों कि आप यह खा सकते हैं लेकिन वह नहीं खा सकते। लेकिन जो बात आपको देखने को मिलती है, वह यह विचार है कि पेटू होना एक पाप है और यह ऐसी चीज़ है जिस पर हमें शर्म आनी चाहिए।

When you look at food as an ethical issue in the Christian tradition, you don't find very much about it. You don't find, as you do in the Jewish or Islamic or Hindu traditions, a lot of restrictions saying you can eat this but you can't eat that. But what you do find is the idea that gluttony is a sin and that it's something that we ought to be ashamed of.

When you look at food as an ethical issue in the Christian tradition, you don't find very much about it. You don't find, as you do in the Jewish or Islamic or Hindu traditions, a lot of restrictions saying you can eat this but you can't eat that. But what you do find is the idea that gluttony is a sin and that it's something that we ought to be ashamed of.

हम पेंडोरा का बक्सा खुलने का इंतज़ार करते हैं और फिर कहते हैं, "वाह, शायद हमें समझ लेना चाहिए कि उस बक्से में क्या है।" हर समस्या पर इंसानों की यही कहानी रही है।

We wait until Pandora's box is opened before we say, "Wow, maybe we should understand what's in that box." This is the story of humans on every problem.

We wait until Pandora's box is opened before we say, "Wow, maybe we should understand what's in that box." This is the story of humans on every problem.

साइंस-फिक्शन अक्सर एक रूपक होता है। मुझे लगता है कि विज्ञान कथा द्वारा उठाए गए विषय और प्रश्न हमारे लिए सटीक भविष्यवाणियों से कहीं अधिक मार्गदर्शक होने चाहिए।

Sci-fi is often a metaphor. I think it's more the themes and questions that science fiction raises rather than the exact predictions that should guide us.

Sci-fi is often a metaphor. I think it's more the themes and questions that science fiction raises rather than the exact predictions that should guide us.

हमने कई ऐसे हथियार विकसित किए हैं जिनसे हमने बाद में अपने कदम खींच लिए—जैविक हथियार, रासायनिक हथियार, आदि। सशस्त्र स्वायत्त रोबोटिक्स के मामले में भी ऐसा ही हो सकता है, जहाँ हम आखिरकार इनसे अपने कदम पीछे खींच लें।

There are a lot of weapons that we've developed which we've pulled back from - biological weapons, chemical weapons, etc. This may be the case with armed autonomous robotics, where we ultimately pull back from them.

There are a lot of weapons that we've developed which we've pulled back from - biological weapons, chemical weapons, etc. This may be the case with armed autonomous robotics, where we ultimately pull back from them.

किसी विकलांग शिशु की हत्या करना नैतिक रूप से किसी इंसान की हत्या करने के बराबर नहीं है। कभी-कभी यह बिल्कुल भी गलत नहीं होता है।

Killing a defective infant is not morally equivalent to killing a person. Sometimes it is not wrong at all.

Killing a defective infant is not morally equivalent to killing a person. Sometimes it is not wrong at all.

अगर हमारे वश में किसी बुरी घटना को रोकना है, और इसके लिए हमें किसी ऐसी चीज़ का त्याग नहीं करना पड़ रहा है जिसका नैतिक महत्व इसके बराबर हो, तो नैतिक रूप से हमें ऐसा करना चाहिए।

If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it.

If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it.

यदि उच्च बुद्धि का होना किसी इंसान को अपने स्वार्थ के लिए दूसरे का इस्तेमाल करने का अधिकार नहीं देता, तो यह इंसानों को गैर-इंसानों का शोषण करने का अधिकार कैसे दे सकता है?

If possessing a higher degree of intelligence does not entitle one human to use another for his or her own ends, how can it entitle humans to exploit non-humans?

If possessing a higher degree of intelligence does not entitle one human to use another for his or her own ends, how can it entitle humans to exploit non-humans?

जब किसी विकलांग शिशु की मृत्यु से बेहतर खुशहाल जीवन की संभावना वाले दूसरे शिशु के जन्म का रास्ता खुलेगा, तो विकलांग शिशु के मारे जाने पर कुल खुशी की मात्रा अधिक होगी। पहले शिशु के सुखी जीवन का नुकसान, दूसरे के अधिक सुखी जीवन के लाभ से कहीं अधिक है। इसलिए, यदि हीमोफीलिया से ग्रसित शिशु की हत्या का दूसरों पर कोई बुरा असर नहीं पड़ता है, तो कुल दृष्टिकोण के अनुसार, उसकी हत्या करना सही होगा।

When the death of a disabled infant will lead to the birth of another infant with better prospects of a happy life, the total amount of happiness will be greater if the disabled infant is killed. The loss of happy life for the first infant is outweighed by the gain of happier life for the second. Therefore, if killing the hemophiliac infant has no adverse effect on others, it would, according to the total view, be right to kill him.

When the death of a disabled infant will lead to the birth of another infant with better prospects of a happy life, the total amount of happiness will be greater if the disabled infant is killed. The loss of happy life for the first infant is outweighed by the gain of happier life for the second. Therefore, if killing the hemophiliac infant has no adverse effect on others, it would, according to the total view, be right to kill him.

यह विचार कि मानव जीवन केवल इसलिए पवित्र है क्योंकि वह मानव जीवन है, मध्यकालीन है।

The notion that human life is sacred just because it is human life is medieval.

The notion that human life is sacred just because it is human life is medieval.

एक उपयोगितावादी होने का अर्थ यह है कि आप इस आधार पर कार्यों को सही या गलत मानते हैं कि उनके परिणाम अच्छे हैं या नहीं। इसलिए आप वह करने की कोशिश करते हैं जिससे प्रभावित होने वाले सभी लोगों के लिए सबसे अच्छे परिणाम मिल सकें।

To be a utilitarian means that you judge actions as right or wrong in accordance with whether they have good consequences. So you try to do what will have the best consequences for all of those affected.

To be a utilitarian means that you judge actions as right or wrong in accordance with whether they have good consequences. So you try to do what will have the best consequences for all of those affected.

हमें जानवरों के जीवन को भी उतना ही सम्मान देना चाहिए जितना हम इंसानों के जीवन को देते हैं।

We should give the same respect to the lives of animals as we do to the lives of humans.

We should give the same respect to the lives of animals as we do to the lives of humans.

ईसाई धर्म हमारा दुश्मन है। यदि पशु अधिकारों को सफल होना है, तो हमें जूडो-ईसाई धार्मिक परंपरा को नष्ट करना होगा।

Christianity is our foe. If animal rights is to succeed, we must destroy the Judeo-Christian religious tradition.

Christianity is our foe. If animal rights is to succeed, we must destroy the Judeo-Christian religious tradition.

अगर हम सब सिर्फ अपने हितों के बारे में सोचेंगे, तो हम सामूहिक तबाही की तरफ बढ़ रहे हैं - ज़रा देखिए कि हम अपने ग्रह की जलवायु के साथ क्या कर रहे हैं।

If we all think only of our own interests, we are headed for collective disaster - just look at what we are doing to our planet's climate.

If we all think only of our own interests, we are headed for collective disaster - just look at what we are doing to our planet's climate.

वैज्ञानिक, तकनीकी और जनसांख्यिकीय विकास के दबाव में आकर मानव जीवन की पवित्रता का पारंपरिक दृष्टिकोण ढह जाएगा।

The traditional view of the sanctity of human life will collapse under pressure from scientific, technological and demographic developments.

The traditional view of the sanctity of human life will collapse under pressure from scientific, technological and demographic developments.

किसी प्राणी के जीवन को केवल इसलिए प्राथमिकता देना क्योंकि वह प्राणी हमारी प्रजाति का एक सदस्य है, हमें उन नस्लवादियों की स्थिति में ला खड़ा करेगा जो अपनी नस्ल के सदस्यों को प्राथमिकता देते हैं।

To give preference to the life of a being simply because that being is a member of our species would put us in the same position as racists who give preference to those who are members of their race.

To give preference to the life of a being simply because that being is a member of our species would put us in the same position as racists who give preference to those who are members of their race.

हम हर दिन ऐसे काम करते हैं जो हमारे नैतिक निर्णयों को दर्शाते हैं।

Every day we act in ways that reflect our ethical judgements.

Every day we act in ways that reflect our ethical judgements.

निश्चित रूप से कुछ ऐसे गैर-मानव जानवर होंगे जिनका जीवन, किसी भी पैमाने पर, कुछ इंसानों के जीवन से अधिक मूल्यवान होगा।

Surely there will be some nonhuman animals whose lives, by any standards, are more valuable than the lives of some humans.

Surely there will be some nonhuman animals whose lives, by any standards, are more valuable than the lives of some humans.

बेशक, शिशु-हत्या पर कानूनी रूप से कड़ा नियंत्रण होना चाहिए और यह दुर्लभ होनी चाहिए - लेकिन इसे गर्भपात की तरह पूरी तरह से खारिज नहीं किया जाना चाहिए।

Of course, infanticide needs to be strictly legally controlled and rare - but it should not be ruled out, any more than abortion.

Of course, infanticide needs to be strictly legally controlled and rare - but it should not be ruled out, any more than abortion.

नsl

Racists violate the principle of equality by giving greater weight to the interests of members of their own race when there is a clash between their interests and the interests of those of another race. Sexists violate the principle of equality by favoring the interests of their own sex. Similarly, speciesists allow the interests of their own species to override the greater interests of members of other species. The pattern is identical in each case.

Racists violate the principle of equality by giving greater weight to the interests of members of their own race when there is a clash between their interests and the interests of those of another race. Sexists violate the principle of equality by favoring the interests of their own sex. Similarly, speciesists allow the interests of their own species to override the greater interests of members of other species. The pattern is identical in each case.

नs|नsलs

Becoming a vegan is a sure way of completely avoiding participation in the abuse of farmed animals. Vegans are a living demonstration of the fact that we do not need to exploit animals for food.

Becoming a vegan is a sure way of completely avoiding participation in the abuse of farmed animals. Vegans are a living demonstration of the fact that we do not need to exploit animals for food.

नs|नsलs

It is a mistake to assume that the law should always enforce morality.

It is a mistake to assume that the law should always enforce morality.

नs|नsलs

Nineteen thousand children [are] dying every day. Does it really matter that we're not walking past them in the street? Does it really matter that they're far away? I don't think it does make a morally relevant difference.

Nineteen thousand children [are] dying every day. Does it really matter that we're not walking past them in the street? Does it really matter that they're far away? I don't think it does make a morally relevant difference.

नs|नsलs

So why don't we make ourselves the last generation on earth? If we would all agree to have ourselves sterilized then no sacrifices would be required - we could party our way into extinction!

So why don't we make ourselves the last generation on earth? If we would all agree to have ourselves sterilized then no sacrifices would be required - we could party our way into extinction!

नs|नsलs

What is faith? If you believe something because you have evidence for it, or rational argument, that is not faith. So faith seems to be believing something despite the absence of evidence or rational argument for it.

What is faith? If you believe something because you have evidence for it, or rational argument, that is not faith. So faith seems to be believing something despite the absence of evidence or rational argument for it.

नs|नsलs

Animal factories are one more sign of the extent to which our technological capacities have advanced faster than our ethics.

Animal factories are one more sign of the extent to which our technological capacities have advanced faster than our ethics.

नs|नsलs

People tend to care about dogs because they generally have more experience with dogs as companions; but other animals are as capable of suffering as dogs are. Few people feel sympathy for rats. Yet rats are intelligent animals, and there can be no doubt that rats are capable of suffering and do suffer from countless painful experiments performed on them. If the army were to stop experiments on dogs and switch to rats instead, we should not be any less concerned.

People tend to care about dogs because they generally have more experience with dogs as companions; but other animals are as capable of suffering as dogs are. Few people feel sympathy for rats. Yet rats are intelligent animals, and there can be no doubt that rats are capable of suffering and do suffer from countless painful experiments performed on them. If the army were to stop experiments on dogs and switch to rats instead, we should not be any less concerned.

नs|नsलs

Since ancient times, philosophers have maintained that to strive too hard for one's own happiness is self-defeating.

Since ancient times, philosophers have maintained that to strive too hard for one's own happiness is self-defeating.

नs|नsलs

Sometimes animals may suffer more because of their more limited understanding. If, for instance, we are taking prisoners in wartime we can explain to them that although they must submit to capture, search, and confinement, they will not otherwise be harmed and will be set free at the conclusion of hostilities. If we capture wild animals, however, we cannot explain that we are not threatening their lives. A wild animal cannot distinguish an attempt to overpower and confine from an attempt to kill; the one causes as much terror as the other.

Sometimes animals may suffer more because of their more limited understanding. If, for instance, we are taking prisoners in wartime we can explain to them that although they must submit to capture, search, and confinement, they will not otherwise be harmed and will be set free at the conclusion of hostilities. If we capture wild animals, however, we cannot explain that we are not threatening their lives. A wild animal cannot distinguish an attempt to overpower and confine from an attempt to kill; the one causes as much terror as the other.

नs|नsलs

Even in the era of AIDS, sex raises no unique moral issues at all. Decisions about sex may involve considerations about honesty, concern for others, prudence, and so on, but there is nothing special about sex in this respect, for the same could be said of decisions about driving a car. (In fact, the moral issues raised by driving a car, both from an environmental and from a safety point of view, are much more serious than those raised by sex.)

Even in the era of AIDS, sex raises no unique moral issues at all. Decisions about sex may involve considerations about honesty, concern for others, prudence, and so on, but there is nothing special about sex in this respect, for the same could be said of decisions about driving a car. (In fact, the moral issues raised by driving a car, both from an environmental and from a safety point of view, are much more serious than those raised by sex.)

नs|नsलs

Hebrew word for "charity" tzedakah, simply means "justice" and as this suggests, for Jews, giving to the poor is no optional extra but an essential part of living a just life.

Hebrew word for "charity" tzedakah, simply means "justice" and as this suggests, for Jews, giving to the poor is no optional extra but an essential part of living a just life.

नs|नsलs

Were we incapable of empathy – of putting ourselves in the position of others and seeing that their suffering is like our own – then ethical reasoning would lead nowhere. If emotion without reason is blind, then reason without emotion is impotent.

Were we incapable of empathy – of putting ourselves in the position of others and seeing that their suffering is like our own – then ethical reasoning would lead nowhere. If emotion without reason is blind, then reason without emotion is impotent.

नs|नsलs

The future of the world depends on how well we meet it.

The future of the world depends on how well we meet it.

नs|नsलs

What is there about the notion of a person, at law, that makes every living member of the species Homo sapiens a person, irrespective of their mental capacities, but excludes every nonhuman animal - again, irrespective of their mental capacities?

What is there about the notion of a person, at law, that makes every living member of the species Homo sapiens a person, irrespective of their mental capacities, but excludes every nonhuman animal - again, irrespective of their mental capacities?

नs|नsलs

We are, quite literally, gambling with the future of our planet- for the sake of hamburgers

We are, quite literally, gambling with the future of our planet- for the sake of hamburgers

नs|नsलs

Effective altruism is the form of altruism in which we bring our rational capacities to bear in order to do the most good that we can.

Effective altruism is the form of altruism in which we bring our rational capacities to bear in order to do the most good that we can.

नs|नsलs

If we compare a severely defective human infant with a nonhuman animal, a dog or a pig, for example, we will often find the nonhuman to have superior capacities, both actual and potential, for rationality, self-consciousness, communication and anything else that can plausibly be considered morally significant.

If we compare a severely defective human infant with a nonhuman animal, a dog or a pig, for example, we will often find the nonhuman to have superior capacities, both actual and potential, for rationality, self-consciousness, communication and anything else that can plausibly be considered morally significant.

नs|नsलs

Philosophy ought to question the basic assumptions of the age. Thinking through, critically and carefully, what most of us take for granted is, I believe, the chief task of philosophy, and the task that makes philosophy a worthwhile activity.

Philosophy ought to question the basic assumptions of the age. Thinking through, critically and carefully, what most of us take for granted is, I believe, the chief task of philosophy, and the task that makes philosophy a worthwhile activity.

नs|नsलs

We need to recognise that what really matters isn't buying more and more consumer goods, but family, friends, and knowing that we are doing something worthwhile with our lives. Helping to reduce the appalling consequences of world poverty should be part of that reassessment.

We need to recognise that what really matters isn't buying more and more consumer goods, but family, friends, and knowing that we are doing something worthwhile with our lives. Helping to reduce the appalling consequences of world poverty should be part of that reassessment.

नs|नsलs

Can we really believe that we are living a good life, an ethically decent life if we don't do anything serious to help reduce poverty around the world and help save the lives of children or adults who are likely to die if we don't increase the amount of aid we are giving.

Can we really believe that we are living a good life, an ethically decent life if we don't do anything serious to help reduce poverty around the world and help save the lives of children or adults who are likely to die if we don't increase the amount of aid we are giving.

नs|नsलs

To turn the other cheek is to teach would-be cheats that cheating pays.

To turn the other cheek is to teach would-be cheats that cheating pays.

नs|नsलs

My view is different from this, only to the extent that if a decision is taken, by the parents and doctors, that it is better that a baby should die, I believe it should be possible to carry out that decision, not only by withholding or withdrawing life-support - which can lead to the baby dying slowly from dehydration or from an infection - but also by taking active steps to end the baby's life swiftly and humanely.

My view is different from this, only to the extent that if a decision is taken, by the parents and doctors, that it is better that a baby should die, I believe it should be possible to carry out that decision, not only by withholding or withdrawing life-support - which can lead to the baby dying slowly from dehydration or from an infection - but also by taking active steps to end the baby's life swiftly and humanely.

नs|नsलs

Extreme poverty is not only a condition of unsatisfied material needs. It is often accompanied by a degrading state of powerlessness.

Extreme poverty is not only a condition of unsatisfied material needs. It is often accompanied by a degrading state of powerlessness.

नs|नsलs

With the eventual acceptance of Darwin's theory we reach a modern understanding of nature, one which has since then changed in detail rather than in fundamentals. Only those who prefer religious faith to beliefs based on reasoning and evidence can still maintain that the human species is the special darling of the entire universe, or that other animals were created to provide us with food, or that we have divine authority over them, and divine permission to kill them.

With the eventual acceptance of Darwin's theory we reach a modern understanding of nature, one which has since then changed in detail rather than in fundamentals. Only those who prefer religious faith to beliefs based on reasoning and evidence can still maintain that the human species is the special darling of the entire universe, or that other animals were created to provide us with food, or that we have divine authority over them, and divine permission to kill them.

नs|नsलs

So far as this argument is concerned nonhuman animals and infants and retarded humans are in the same category; and if we use this argument to justify experiments on nonhuman animals we have to ask ourselves whether we are also prepared to allow experiments on human infants and retarded adults; and if we make a distinction between animals and these humans, on what basis can we do it, other than a bare-faced - and morally indefensible - preference for members of our own species?

So far as this argument is concerned nonhuman animals and infants and retarded humans are in the same category; and if we use this argument to justify experiments on nonhuman animals we have to ask ourselves whether we are also prepared to allow experiments on human infants and retarded adults; and if we make a distinction between animals and these humans, on what basis can we do it, other than a bare-faced - and morally indefensible - preference for members of our own species?

नs|नsलs

Science does not stand still, and neither does philosophy, although the latter has a tendency to walk in circles.

Science does not stand still, and neither does philosophy, although the latter has a tendency to walk in circles.

नs|नsलs

All the particular moral judgments we intuitively make are likely to derive from discarded religious systems, from warped views of sex and bodily functions, or from customs necessary for the survival of the group in social and economic circumstances that now lie in the distant past.

All the particular moral judgments we intuitively make are likely to derive from discarded religious systems, from warped views of sex and bodily functions, or from customs necessary for the survival of the group in social and economic circumstances that now lie in the distant past.

नs|नsलs

Dolphins are social mammals, capable of enjoying their lives. They form close bonds with other members of their group.

Dolphins are social mammals, capable of enjoying their lives. They form close bonds with other members of their group.

नs

If we are prepared to take the life of another being merely in order to satisfy our taste for a particular type of food, then that being is no more than a means to our end.

If we are prepared to take the life of another being merely in order to satisfy our taste for a particular type of food, then that being is no more than a means to our end.

पारंपरिक उपयोगितावाद के अनुसार, एकमात्र आंतरिक रूप से अच्छी चीज़ खुशी है और एकमात्र आंतरिक रूप से बुरी चीज़ दर्द है। इसका अर्थ यह है कि प्रकृति को संरक्षित करने का अपना कोई आंतरिक मूल्य नहीं है, यानी किसी लुप्तप्राय पौधे को बचाना तभी सार्थक है जब इससे मनुष्यों या अन्य जानवरों को लाभ हो। सहज रूप से यह बात गलत लगती है, लेकिन शायद यहाँ मुझे अपनी सहज बुद्धि पर भरोसा नहीं करना चाहिए।

According to classical utilitarianism, the only intrinsic good is happiness; the only intrinsic bad is pain. That implies no intrinsic value in preserving nature, that preserving an endangered plant is valuable only if it benefits humans or other animals. Intuitively, that seems wrong but perhaps I shouldn't trust my intuition here.

According to classical utilitarianism, the only intrinsic good is happiness; the only intrinsic bad is pain. That implies no intrinsic value in preserving nature, that preserving an endangered plant is valuable only if it benefits humans or other animals. Intuitively, that seems wrong but perhaps I shouldn't trust my intuition here.

यह जानना कि हम अपने व्यवहार को नियंत्रित कर सकते हैं, इस बात की संभावना को बढ़ा देता है कि हम वास्तव में ऐसा करेंगे।

Knowing that we can control our own behaviour makes it more likely that we will.

Knowing that we can control our own behaviour makes it more likely that we will.

हमारे लिए अपने दादा-परदादा के उन पूर्वाग्रहों की आलोचना करना आसान है, जिनसे हमारे पिता पहले ही आज़ाद हो चुके हैं। अपने ही दृष्टिकोण से खुद को अलग करना अधिक कठिन है, ताकि हम निष्पक्ष होकर अपने विश्वासों और मूल्यों में छिपे पूर्वाग्रहों को खोज सकें।

It is easy for us to criticize the prejudices of our grandfathers, from which our fathers freed themselves. It is more difficult to distance ourselves from our own views, so that we can dispassionately search for prejudices among the beliefs and values we hold

It is easy for us to criticize the prejudices of our grandfathers, from which our fathers freed themselves. It is more difficult to distance ourselves from our own views, so that we can dispassionately search for prejudices among the beliefs and values we hold

जो लोग मांस, फर और चमड़ा खरीदते हैं, उन्हें उन वधशालाओं के दृश्यों और आवाजों से दूर रहने का कोई अधिकार नहीं है जहाँ इन उत्पादों को तैयार किया जाता है।

Those who purchase meat, fur, and leather have no right to be shielded from the sights and sounds of the slaughterhouses from which these products were produced.

Those who purchase meat, fur, and leather have no right to be shielded from the sights and sounds of the slaughterhouses from which these products were produced.

प्रमुख पश्चिमी परंपरा के अनुसार, प्राकृतिक दुनिया केवल इंसानों के फायदे के लिए बनी है।

According to the Dominant Western tradition, the natural world exists for the benefit of human beings.

According to the Dominant Western tradition, the natural world exists for the benefit of human beings.

मेरी समझ से परे है कि आधुनिक खेती का प्रकृति से दूर-दूर तक कोई लेना-देना है। यह तो प्रकृति के साथ एक बेहद क्रूर खिलवाड़ है।

I don't understand the notion that modern farming is anything do to with nature. It's a pretty gross interference with nature.

I don't understand the notion that modern farming is anything do to with nature. It's a pretty gross interference with nature.

स्वेच्छा से मृत्यु (इच्छामृत्यु) के खिलाफ जितने भी तर्क दिए जाते हैं, उनमें सबसे प्रभावशाली 'ढलान' (स्लिपरी स्लोप) का तर्क है: एक बार जब हम डॉक्टरों को मरीजों को मारने की अनुमति दे देते हैं, तो हम इस हत्या को केवल उन्हीं तक सीमित नहीं रख पाएंगे जो मरना चाहते हैं।

Of all the arguments against voluntary euthanasia, the most influential is the slippery slope: once we allow doctors to kill patients, we will not be able to limit the killing to those who want to die.

Of all the arguments against voluntary euthanasia, the most influential is the slippery slope: once we allow doctors to kill patients, we will not be able to limit the killing to those who want to die.

यदि चिड़ियाघर किसी नाव जैसे हैं, तो दुर्लभ जानवर उस अभिशप्त यात्रा के यात्रियों की तरह हैं, जिन्हें न तो कोई बंदरगाह पनाह देता है और न ही कोई ऐसी धरती मिलती जहाँ वे शांति से जी सकें। इसका असली समाधान तो यह है कि हम उस जंगली प्रकृति को बचाएं जिसने इन जानवरों को जन्म दिया है और जिनमें इन्हें जीवित रखने की शक्ति है। लेकिन यदि यह सच है कि हम अनचाहे रूप से उस दुनिया की ओर बढ़ रहे हैं जहाँ पहाड़ी गोरिल्ला केवल चिड़ियाघर में ही जीवित रह सकते हैं, तो हमें खुद से यह पूछना होगा कि क्या उनके लिए हमारे द्वारा बनाए गए कृत्रिम माहौल में जीना, बिल्कुल भी पैदा न होने से बेहतर है।

If zoos are like arks, then rare animals are like passengers on a voyage of the damned, never to find a port that will let them dock or a land in which they can live in peace. The real solution, of course, is to preserve the wild nature that created these animals and has the power to sustain them. But if it is really true that we are inevitably moving towards a world in which mountain gorillas can survive only in zoos, then we must ask whether it is really better for them to live in artificial environments of our design than not to be born at all.

If zoos are like arks, then rare animals are like passengers on a voyage of the damned, never to find a port that will let them dock or a land in which they can live in peace. The real solution, of course, is to preserve the wild nature that created these animals and has the power to sustain them. But if it is really true that we are inevitably moving towards a world in which mountain gorillas can survive only in zoos, then we must ask whether it is really better for them to live in artificial environments of our design than not to be born at all.

जानवर पालने और उन्हें खाने के लिए मारने का सिलसिला बंद करके, हम इंसानों के लिए इतनी अतिरिक्त खाद्य सामग्री उपलब्ध करा सकते हैं कि यदि उसका सही वितरण हो, तो इस ग्रह से भुखमरी और कुपोषण पूरी तरह समाप्त हो जाएगा। पशु मुक्ति का अर्थ मानव मुक्ति भी है।

By ceasing to rear and kill animals for food, we can make so much extra food available for humans that, properly distributed, it would eliminate starvation and malnutrition from this planet. Animal Liberation is Human Liberation too.

By ceasing to rear and kill animals for food, we can make so much extra food available for humans that, properly distributed, it would eliminate starvation and malnutrition from this planet. Animal Liberation is Human Liberation too.

जहाँ तक पिंजरों का सवाल है, यदि कोई आम नागरिक कुत्तों को उनके पूरे जीवन ऐसे ही हालात में रखे, तो उस पर क्रूरता का मुकदमा चल सकता है। वहीं, एक सुअर पालक जो उतनी ही समझ वाले किसी जानवर को इन्हीं स्थितियों में रखता है, उसे इसके विपरीत कर छूट या कुछ देशों में सीधे सरकारी सब्सिडी से पुरस्कृत किए जाने की अधिक संभावना होती है।

As for cages themselves, an ordinary citizen who kept dogs in similar conditions for their entire lives would risk prosecution for cruelty. A pig producer who keeps an animal of comparable intelligence in this manner, however, is more likely to be rewarded with a tax concession or, in some countries, a direct government subsidy.

As for cages themselves, an ordinary citizen who kept dogs in similar conditions for their entire lives would risk prosecution for cruelty. A pig producer who keeps an animal of comparable intelligence in this manner, however, is more likely to be rewarded with a tax concession or, in some countries, a direct government subsidy.

व्यक्तिगत पवित्रता असल मुद्दा नहीं है। असली मुद्दा पशु क्रूरता का समर्थन न करना और दूसरों को भी ऐसा करने से रोकना है।

Personal purity isn’t really the issue. Not supporting animal abuse – and persuading others not to support it – is.

Personal purity isn’t really the issue. Not supporting animal abuse – and persuading others not to support it – is.

यदि सरकारें अपने नागरिकों को इतनी बार गुमराह न करें, तो गोपनीयता की इतनी आवश्यकता ही न पड़े। और यदि नेताओं को यह पता हो कि वे अपनी हरकतों को जनता से छिपा नहीं सकते, तो उनके पास बेहतर आचरण करने की एक बड़ी प्रेरणा होगी।

If governments did not mislead their citizens so often, there would be less need for secrecy, and if leaders knew they could not rely on keeping the public in the dark about what they are doing, they would have a powerful incentive to behave better.

If governments did not mislead their citizens so often, there would be less need for secrecy, and if leaders knew they could not rely on keeping the public in the dark about what they are doing, they would have a powerful incentive to behave better.

मैं चाहता हूँ कि हम इस पर और गहराई से विचार करें, अपनी अंतःप्रेरणाओं को नैतिकता का अंतिम सत्य न मान लें, बल्कि इस बात पर खुले तौर पर चिंतन करें कि कोई मामला नैतिक मुद्दा है और सोचें कि इस पर हमें क्या करना चाहिए।

I would like us to think about it more explicitly, and not take our intuitions as the given of ethics, but rather to reflect on it, and be more open about the fact that something is an ethical issues and think what we ought to do about it.

I would like us to think about it more explicitly, and not take our intuitions as the given of ethics, but rather to reflect on it, and be more open about the fact that something is an ethical issues and think what we ought to do about it.

जो अनाज उन जानवरों को खिलाया जाता है जो बाद में टर्की और हैम के रूप में हमारी थालियों में पहुँचते हैं, उसका उपयोग भूखे लोगों का पेट भरने के लिए किया जा सकता था।

Grain that is used to feed animals that end up on our tables as turkeys and hams could have gone to feed starving people.

Grain that is used to feed animals that end up on our tables as turkeys and hams could have gone to feed starving people.

एक पीढ़ी जिसे हास्यास्पद मानती है, अगली पीढ़ी उसे स्वीकार कर लेती है; और तीसरी पीढ़ी जब पीछे मुड़कर देखती है कि पहली पीढ़ी ने क्या किया था, तो वह सिहर उठती है।

What one generation finds ridiculous, the next accepts; and the third shudders when it looks back on what the first did.

What one generation finds ridiculous, the next accepts; and the third shudders when it looks back on what the first did.

तर्क करने की क्षमता एक बेहद खास क्षमता है क्योंकि यह हमें उन जगहों पर ले जा सकती है जहाँ जाने की हमने कभी उम्मीद भी नहीं की थी।

The capacity to reason is a special sort of capacity because it can lead us to places that we did not expect to go.

The capacity to reason is a special sort of capacity because it can lead us to places that we did not expect to go.

बिजनेस एथिक्स (व्यापारिक नैतिकता) के पाठ्यक्रमों में रुचि तेजी से बढ़ी है, और प्रमुख बिजनेस स्कूलों में छात्र गतिविधियां अब इस बात पर अधिक केंद्रित हैं कि व्यापार को दीर्घकालिक सामाजिक मूल्यों के अनुरूप कैसे बनाया जाए।

Interest in business ethics courses has surged, and student activities at leading business schools are more focused than ever before on making business serve long-term social values.

Interest in business ethics courses has surged, and student activities at leading business schools are more focused than ever before on making business serve long-term social values.

एक बार जब हम यह सवाल पूछते हैं कि आखिर क्यों सभी इंसानों - जिनमें शिशु, बौद्धिक रूप से अक्षम लोग, अपराधी मनोरोगी, हिटलर, स्टालिन और बाकी सभी शामिल हैं - के पास किसी तरह की गरिमा या मूल्य है जो किसी हाथी, सूअर या चिम्पांजी को कभी नहीं मिल सकता, तो हमें यह समझ आ जाता है कि इस सवाल का जवाब देना उतना ही कठिन है जितना कि इंसानों और अन्य जानवरों के बीच असमानता को सही ठहराने वाला कोई प्रासंगिक तथ्य मांगना।

Once we ask why it should be that all human beings - including infants, the intellectually disabled, criminal psychopaths, Hitler, Stalin, and the rest - have some kind of dignity or worth that no elephant, pig, or chimpanzee can ever achieve, we see that this question is as difficult to answer as our original request for some relevant fact that justifies the inequality of humans and other animals.

Once we ask why it should be that all human beings - including infants, the intellectually disabled, criminal psychopaths, Hitler, Stalin, and the rest - have some kind of dignity or worth that no elephant, pig, or chimpanzee can ever achieve, we see that this question is as difficult to answer as our original request for some relevant fact that justifies the inequality of humans and other animals.

भाप के इंजन की तरह इंटरनेट भी एक ऐसा तकनीकी चमत्कार है जिसने पूरी दुनिया को बदल दिया है।

The Internet, like the steam engine, is a technological breakthrough that changed the world.

The Internet, like the steam engine, is a technological breakthrough that changed the world.

सबसे क्रूर और मूर्खतापूर्ण काम केवल इसलिए किए गए क्योंकि नियम ऐसा चाहते थे... उदाहरण के लिए, 1983 तक अमेरिकी संघीय एजेंसियों ने यह घोषित नहीं किया था कि कास्टिक उत्तेजक पदार्थों (जैसे लाइ, अमोनिया और ओवन क्लीनर) को होश में बैठे खरगोशों की आँखों पर परीक्षण करने की आवश्यकता नहीं है।

The most callous, stupid things were done just because regulations required them...It was not until 1983, for example, that U.S. federal agencies stated that substances known to be caustic irritants such as lye, ammonia, and oven cleaners, did not need to be tested on the eyes of conscious rabbits.

The most callous, stupid things were done just because regulations required them...It was not until 1983, for example, that U.S. federal agencies stated that substances known to be caustic irritants such as lye, ammonia, and oven cleaners, did not need to be tested on the eyes of conscious rabbits.

मानव समानता का नियम इस बात का विवरण नहीं है कि इंसान वास्तव में एक-दूसरे के समान हैं: यह तो इस बात का निर्देश है कि हमें इंसानों के साथ कैसा व्यवहार करना चाहिए।

The prescription of the equality of human beings is not a description of an alleged actual equality among humans: it is a prescription of how we should treat human beings.

The prescription of the equality of human beings is not a description of an alleged actual equality among humans: it is a prescription of how we should treat human beings.

यह बयान कि "मुझे दर्द हो रहा है" इस निष्कर्ष का एक सबूत हो सकता है कि बोलने वाले को दर्द है, लेकिन यह एकमात्र संभव सबूत नहीं है, और चूँकि लोग कभी-कभी झूठ बोलते हैं, इसलिए यह सबसे अच्छा संभव सबूत भी नहीं है। भले ही उन लोगों को दर्द से इंकार करने के मजबूत आधार मौजूद हों जो भाषा नहीं बोल सकते, लेकिन इस इंकार के परिणाम हमें इस निष्कर्ष को खारिज करने पर मजबूर कर सकते हैं। मानव शिशु और छोटे बच्चे भाषा का उपयोग करने में असमर्थ होते हैं। क्या हम इस बात से इंकार कर देंगे कि एक साल का बच्चा पीड़ा सहन नहीं कर सकता?

The statement "I am in pain" may be one piece of evidence for the conclusion that the speaker is in pain, but it is not the only possible evidence, and since people sometimes tell lies, not even the best possible evidence. Even if there were stronger grounds for refusing to attribute pain to those who do not have language, the consequences of this refusal might lead us to reject the conclusion. Human infants and young children are unable to use language. Are we to deny that a year-old child can suffer?

The statement "I am in pain" may be one piece of evidence for the conclusion that the speaker is in pain, but it is not the only possible evidence, and since people sometimes tell lies, not even the best possible evidence. Even if there were stronger grounds for refusing to attribute pain to those who do not have language, the consequences of this refusal might lead us to reject the conclusion. Human infants and young children are unable to use language. Are we to deny that a year-old child can suffer?

यह धारणा कि जानवर इसलिए मौजूद हैं क्योंकि भगवान ने उन्हें बनाया है - और उन्होंने उन्हें इसलिए बनाया है ताकि हम अपनी जरूरतों को बेहतर ढंग से पूरा कर सकें - विकास के हमारे वैज्ञानिक और जीवाश्म संबंधी ज्ञान के बिल्कुल विपरीत है, जो यह साबित करता है कि इंसानों के अस्तित्व में आने से लाखों साल पहले गैर-मानवीय प्राइमेट्स और अन्य जानवर इस धरती पर मौजूद थे।

The belief that the animals exist because God created them - and that he created them so we can better meet our needs - is contrary to our scientific understanding of evolution and, of course, to the fossil record, which shows the existence of non-human primates and other animals millions of years before there were any human beings at all.

The belief that the animals exist because God created them - and that he created them so we can better meet our needs - is contrary to our scientific understanding of evolution and, of course, to the fossil record, which shows the existence of non-human primates and other animals millions of years before there were any human beings at all.

विद्वान लंबे समय से एक ऐसी सार्वभौमिक पुस्तकालय का सपना देखते आए हैं जिसमें अब तक लिखी गई हर चीज़ मौजूद हो।

Scholars have long dreamed of a universal library containing everything that has ever been written.

Scholars have long dreamed of a universal library containing everything that has ever been written.

याद रखें कि हर कोई आपके जितना मजबूत नहीं होता। इंसानों की कमज़ोरियों को समझें, और इस बात को भी ध्यान में रखें कि दूरगामी परिणाम के रूप में, बहुत सारे लोगों को सही दिशा में छोटे कदम उठाने के लिए प्रेरित करना, आदर्श स्थिति को पाने वाले कुछेक लोगों से कहीं अधिक महत्वपूर्ण है।

Remember that not everyone is as strong as you are. Be mindful of human weakness, and of the fact that it may be more important, in the long run, to get many people taking steps in the right direction than to have fewer achieving the ideal.

Remember that not everyone is as strong as you are. Be mindful of human weakness, and of the fact that it may be more important, in the long run, to get many people taking steps in the right direction than to have fewer achieving the ideal.

यदि हमें एक नैतिक जीवन जीना है, तो केवल 'क्या नहीं करना चाहिए' (निषेधों) का पालन करना ही काफी नहीं है। ...अगर हमारे पास ज़रूरत से ज़्यादा है, तो हमें उसका कुछ हिस्सा उन लोगों के साथ साझा करना चाहिए जिनके पास बहुत कम है।

If we're going to live an ethical life, it's not enough just to follow the thou-shalt-nots. … If we have enough, we have to share some of that with people who have so little.

If we're going to live an ethical life, it's not enough just to follow the thou-shalt-nots. … If we have enough, we have to share some of that with people who have so little.

"कीटों" (नुकसानदेह जीवों) की जरूरतों पर बिल्कुल भी विचार नहीं किया जाता - खुद "कीट" शब्द ही इन जानवरों के प्रति किसी भी तरह की संवेदना को खारिज कर देता है। लेकिन कीट का यह वर्गीकरण हमारा अपना बनाया हुआ है; और एक खरगोश जिसे हम कीट मानते हैं, वह भी एक प्यारे पालतू खरगोश की तरह ही दर्द महसूस करने में सक्षम है और उतनी ही सहानुभूति का हकदार है।

No consideration at all is given to the interests of the "pests" - the very word "pest" seems to exclude any concern for the animals themselves. But the classification "pest" is our own, and a rabbit that is a pest is as capable of suffering, and as deserving of consideration, as a white rabbit who is a beloved companion animal.

No consideration at all is given to the interests of the "pests" - the very word "pest" seems to exclude any concern for the animals themselves. But the classification "pest" is our own, and a rabbit that is a pest is as capable of suffering, and as deserving of consideration, as a white rabbit who is a beloved companion animal.

हमारा लक्ष्य यह होना चाहिए कि हमारे बच्चे अच्छे इंसान बनें, और ऐसा नैतिक जीवन जिएं जो खुद के साथ-साथ दूसरों के प्रति भी उनकी परवाह को झलकाए।

We should aim for our children to be good people, and to live ethical lives that manifest concern for others as well as for themselves.

We should aim for our children to be good people, and to live ethical lives that manifest concern for others as well as for themselves.

यदि कोई जीव पीड़ा महसूस कर सकता है, तो उसकी इस पीड़ा को ध्यान में रखने से इंकार करने का कोई नैतिक औचित्य नहीं हो सकता। जीव का स्वरूप चाहे जो भी हो, समानता का सिद्धांत यह मांग करता है कि उसकी पीड़ा को भी किसी अन्य जीव की वैसी ही पीड़ा के बराबर महत्व दिया जाना चाहिए (जहाँ तक इसकी सतही तुलना संभव हो)। इसलिए, संवेदना की सीमा ही दूसरों के हितों की परवाह करने की एकमात्र तर्कसंगत सीमा है। इस सीमा को बुद्धिमत्ता या तर्कशीलता जैसी किसी अन्य विशेषता के आधार पर तय करना पूरी तरह से मनमाना होगा। क्यों न इसके लिए त्वचा के रंग जैसी किसी अन्य विशेषता को चुन लिया जाए?

If a being suffers there can be no moral justification for refusing to take that suffering into consideration. No matter what the nature of the being, the principle of equality requires that its suffering be counted equally with the like suffering - insofar as rough comparisons can be made - of any other being. So the limit of sentience is the only defensible boundary of concern for the interests of others. To mark this boundary by some other characteristic like intelligence or rationality would be to mark it in an arbitrary manner. Why not choose some other characteristic, like skin color?

If a being suffers there can be no moral justification for refusing to take that suffering into consideration. No matter what the nature of the being, the principle of equality requires that its suffering be counted equally with the like suffering - insofar as rough comparisons can be made - of any other being. So the limit of sentience is the only defensible boundary of concern for the interests of others. To mark this boundary by some other characteristic like intelligence or rationality would be to mark it in an arbitrary manner. Why not choose some other characteristic, like skin color?

...चिम्पांजी, बोनोबो, गोरिल्ला और ओरंगुटान ऐसे विचारशील, आत्म-जागरूक जीव हैं जो भविष्य की योजना बनाने में सक्षम हैं, दूसरों के साथ गहरे सामाजिक संबंध बनाते हैं और जिनकी एक समृद्ध सामाजिक तथा भावनात्मक जिंदगी होती है। इसलिए, यह दिखाने के लिए कि प्रजाति आधारित भेदभाव कितना मनमाना है, महान वानर (ग्रेट एप्स) इसके सबसे सटीक उदाहरण हैं। यदि हम यह मानते हैं कि सभी इंसानों के पास, उनकी उम्र या मानसिक क्षमता की परवाह किए बिना, कुछ बुनियादी अधिकार हैं, तो हम यह कैसे कह सकते हैं कि ग्रेट एप्स, जो कुछ मामलों में इंसानों से भी अधिक क्षमता रखते हैं, इन अधिकारों के हकदार नहीं हैं?

...chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans are thinking, self-aware beings, capable of planning ahead, who form lasting social bonds with others and have a rich social and emotional life. The great apes are therefore an ideal case for showing the arbitrariness of the species boundary. If we think that all human beings, irrespective of age or mental capacity, have some basic rights, how can we deny that the great apes, who surpass some humans in their capacities, also have these rights?

...chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans are thinking, self-aware beings, capable of planning ahead, who form lasting social bonds with others and have a rich social and emotional life. The great apes are therefore an ideal case for showing the arbitrariness of the species boundary. If we think that all human beings, irrespective of age or mental capacity, have some basic rights, how can we deny that the great apes, who surpass some humans in their capacities, also have these rights?

परोपकारिता के विस्तार के लिए केवल एक ही उचित ठहराने योग्य पड़ाव वह बिंदु है जहाँ वे सभी जीव परोपकारिता के दायरे में आ जाएं, जिनका हित हमारे कार्यों से प्रभावित हो सकता है। इसका अर्थ यह है कि सुख या दुख महसूस करने की क्षमता रखने वाले हर जीव को इसमें शामिल किया जाना चाहिए; हम उनकी खुशी को बढ़ाकर और उनके कष्टों को कम करके उनके कल्याण में सुधार कर सकते हैं।

The only justifiable stopping place for for the expansion of altruism is the point at which all whose welfare can be affected by our actions are included within the circle of altruism. This means that all beings with the capacity to feel pleasure or pain should be included; we can improve their welfare by increasing their pleasures and diminishing their pains.

The only justifiable stopping place for for the expansion of altruism is the point at which all whose welfare can be affected by our actions are included within the circle of altruism. This means that all beings with the capacity to feel pleasure or pain should be included; we can improve their welfare by increasing their pleasures and diminishing their pains.

पशुओं पर किया जाने वाला कोई भी प्रयोग तब तक उचित नहीं ठहराया जा सकता, जब तक कि वह प्रयोग इतना महत्वपूर्ण न हो कि उसके लिए किसी ऐसे इंसान का उपयोग भी उचित माना जा सके जिसके मस्तिष्क को क्षति पहुँची हो।

An animal experiment cannot be justifiable unless the experiment is so important that the use of a brain-damaged human would be justifiable.

An animal experiment cannot be justifiable unless the experiment is so important that the use of a brain-damaged human would be justifiable.

मुझे नहीं लगता कि दुनिया की स्थिति पर दुख जताने का कोई खास मतलब है, जब तक कि आपके पास इसमें सुधार करने का कोई उपाय न हो। वरना, किताब लिखने की जहमत मत उठाइए; जाइए और किसी उष्णकटिबंधीय द्वीप पर धूप में आराम से लेट जाइए।

I don't think there's much point in bemoaning the state of the world unless there's some way you can think of to improve it. Otherwise, don't bother writing a book; go and find a tropical island and lie in the sun.

I don't think there's much point in bemoaning the state of the world unless there's some way you can think of to improve it. Otherwise, don't bother writing a book; go and find a tropical island and lie in the sun.

मार्क्स ने देखा था कि पूंजीपति वर्ग की व्यवस्था फिजूलखर्च और अतार्किक है, एक ऐसी व्यवस्था जो हम पर नियंत्रण रखती है जबकि नियंत्रण हमारे हाथ में होना चाहिए। वह दूरदर्शिता आज भी उतनी ही सही है; लेकिन अब हम यह देख सकते हैं कि एक स्वतंत्र और समान समाज का निर्माण करना मार्क्स की सोच से कहीं अधिक कठिन काम है।

Marx saw that capitalism is a wasteful, irrational system, a system which controls us when we should be controlling it. That insight is still valid; but we can now see that the construction of a free and equal society is a more difficult task than Marx realized.

Marx saw that capitalism is a wasteful, irrational system, a system which controls us when we should be controlling it. That insight is still valid; but we can now see that the construction of a free and equal society is a more difficult task than Marx realized.

मुझे लगता है कि नैतिकता हमेशा हमारे साथ रहती है; यह बात अलग है कि यह हमेशा बहुत सोच-विचार कर बनाई गई या चिंतनशील नैतिकता नहीं होती।

I think ethics is always there; it's not always a very thoughtful or reflective ethics.

I think ethics is always there; it's not always a very thoughtful or reflective ethics.

आज, यदि आपके पास इंटरनेट कनेक्शन है, तो आपके पास उंगलियों की एक ही क्लिक पर उतनी जानकारी उपलब्ध है जो पहले केवल दुनिया के सबसे बड़े पुस्तकालयों तक पहुँच रखने वाले लोगों को ही मिलती थी - बल्कि, ज्यादातर मामलों में इंटरनेट पर उपलब्ध सामग्री उन पुस्तकालयों को भी पीछे छोड़ देती है, और अपनी जरूरत की चीज ढूंढना उससे कहीं ज्यादा आसान है।

Today, if you have an Internet connection, you have at your fingertips an amount of information previously available only to those with access to the world's greatest libraries - indeed, in most respects what is available through the Internet dwarfs those libraries, and it is incomparably easier to find what you need.

Today, if you have an Internet connection, you have at your fingertips an amount of information previously available only to those with access to the world's greatest libraries - indeed, in most respects what is available through the Internet dwarfs those libraries, and it is incomparably easier to find what you need.

मैं सच में नहीं जानता, लेकिन अगर अमेरिका ग्रीनहाउस गैसों के अपने उत्सर्जन को कम करने से इनकार करता रहा, तो मुझे न केवल अमेरिकी समाज के लिए बल्कि पूरी दुनिया के लिए एक अंधकारमय भविष्य दिखाई देता है। यह एक वैश्विक समस्या है जो टलने वाली नहीं है, और अमेरिका इसके समाधान में एक बड़ी बाधा है।

I honestly don't know, but if America continues to refuse to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, I see a bleak future not only for American society, but for the world as a whole. This is a global problem that is not going away, and the United States is an obstacle to solving it.

I honestly don't know, but if America continues to refuse to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, I see a bleak future not only for American society, but for the world as a whole. This is a global problem that is not going away, and the United States is an obstacle to solving it.

मैं यह नहीं कह रहा हूँ कि फ़ैक्टरी फ़ार्मिंग (औद्योगिक पशुपालन) होलोकॉस्ट या दासों के व्यापार जैसी ही है, लेकिन यह स्पष्ट है कि इसमें अकूत पीड़ा शामिल है, और जिस तरह हम मानते हैं कि नाजियों ने अपने पीड़ितों की पीड़ा को नजरअंदाज करके गलत किया था, उसी तरह हम भी अपने पीड़ितों की पीड़ा को नजरअंदाज करके गलत कर रहे हैं।

I am not saying that factory farming is the same as the Holocaust or the slave trade, but it's clear that there is an immense amount of suffering in it, and just as we think that the Nazis were wrong to ignore the suffering of their victims, so we are wrong to ignore the sufferings of our victims.

I am not saying that factory farming is the same as the Holocaust or the slave trade, but it's clear that there is an immense amount of suffering in it, and just as we think that the Nazis were wrong to ignore the suffering of their victims, so we are wrong to ignore the sufferings of our victims.

यदि जानवर अब नैतिक दायरे से पूरी तरह बाहर नहीं हैं, तो भी वे बाहरी सीमा के पास एक खास कोने में हैं। उनके हितों को तभी महत्व दिया जाता है जब वे इंसानी हितों से नहीं टकराते। यदि कोई टकराव होता है - यहाँ तक कि किसी बेजुबान जानवर की जिंदगी भर की पीड़ा और किसी इंसान की स्वाद संबंधी पसंद के बीच का टकराव भी - तो जानवर के हितों को दरकिनार कर दिया जाता है। अतीत का नैतिक नजरिया हमारी सोच और हमारे तौर-तरीकों में इस हद तक गहराई से समाया हुआ है कि खुद के और अन्य जानवरों के बारे में हमारे ज्ञान में आया मात्र थोड़ा सा बदलाव भी इसे हिला नहीं सकता।

If animals are no longer quite outside the moral sphere, they are still in a special section near the outer rim. Their interests are allowed to count only when they do not clash with human interests. If there is a clash - even a clash between a lifetime of suffering for a nonhuman animal and the gastronomic preference of a human being - the interests of the nonhuman are disregarded. The moral attitudes of the past are too deeply embedded in our thought and our practices to be upset by a mere change in our knowledge of ourselves and of other animals.

If animals are no longer quite outside the moral sphere, they are still in a special section near the outer rim. Their interests are allowed to count only when they do not clash with human interests. If there is a clash - even a clash between a lifetime of suffering for a nonhuman animal and the gastronomic preference of a human being - the interests of the nonhuman are disregarded. The moral attitudes of the past are too deeply embedded in our thought and our practices to be upset by a mere change in our knowledge of ourselves and of other animals.

वजह चाहे जो भी हो, इस सदी के ज्यादातर हिस्से में, पुराने और स्थापित [पशु कल्याण] संगठनों के साहित्य और प्रचार ने इस प्रचलित धारणा को बढ़ावा देने में एक बड़ा योगदान दिया कि कुत्तों, बिल्लियों और जंगली जानवरों को सुरक्षा की जरूरत है, लेकिन बाकी जानवरों को नहीं। इस तरह लोगों ने "पशु कल्याण" को बिल्लियों के प्रति पागलपन की हद तक स्नेह रखने वाली भली-सुथरी महिलाओं से जुड़ा एक शौक मान लिया, न कि न्याय और नैतिकता के बुनियादी सिद्धांतों पर आधारित किसी बड़े आंदोलन के रूप में।

Whatever the reason, for most of the present century, the literature and publicity of the old established [animal welfare] groups made a significant contribution to the prevailing attitude that dogs and cats and wild animals need protection, but other animals do not. Thus people came to think of "animal welfare" as something for kindly ladies who are dotty about cats, and not as a cause founded on basic principles of justice and morality.

Whatever the reason, for most of the present century, the literature and publicity of the old established [animal welfare] groups made a significant contribution to the prevailing attitude that dogs and cats and wild animals need protection, but other animals do not. Thus people came to think of "animal welfare" as something for kindly ladies who are dotty about cats, and not as a cause founded on basic principles of justice and morality.

हम जानवरों के प्रति कोई विशेष 'रुचि' नहीं रखते थे। हम दोनों को कभी भी कुत्तों, बिल्लियों या घोड़ों से उस तरह का अत्यधिक लगाव नहीं रहा जैसा कि कई लोगों को होता है। हम जानवरों से 'प्रेम' नहीं करते थे।

We are not especially 'interested in' animals. Neither of us had ever been inordinately fond of dogs, cats, or horses in the way that many people are. We didn't 'love' animals.

We are not especially 'interested in' animals. Neither of us had ever been inordinately fond of dogs, cats, or horses in the way that many people are. We didn't 'love' animals.

नैतिकता से बचा नहीं जा सकता।

Ethics is inescapable.

Ethics is inescapable.

जंगल और मांस के लिए पाले जाने वाले जानवर एक ही जमीन के लिए आपस में मुकाबला करते हैं। अमीर देशों की मांस के प्रति अत्यधिक भूख का मतलब यह है कि कृषि व्यवसाय (एग्रीबिजनेस) जंगलों को बचाने या फिर से हरा-भरा करने की चाह रखने वालों की तुलना में अधिक कीमत चुका सकता है। हम सचमुच, सिर्फ हैम्बर्गर के खातिर अपने ग्रह के भविष्य के साथ जुआ खेल रहे हैं।

Forests and meat animals compete for the same land. The prodigious appetite of the affluent nations for meat means that agribusiness can pay more than those who want to preserve or restore the forest. We are, quite literally, gambling with the future of our planet – for the sake of hamburgers

Forests and meat animals compete for the same land. The prodigious appetite of the affluent nations for meat means that agribusiness can pay more than those who want to preserve or restore the forest. We are, quite literally, gambling with the future of our planet – for the sake of hamburgers

क्या किसी को ताला तोड़कर जानवरों को आजाद करा देना चाहिए? यह गैरकानूनी है, लेकिन कानून का पालन करने की बाध्यता पूरी तरह से पूर्ण नहीं है। अमेरिकी दक्षिण में भागे हुए गुलामों की मदद करने वालों द्वारा इसे उचित रूप से तोड़ा गया था, यह तो बस एक मिसाल देने के लिए है।

Should one break in and free the animals? That is illegal, but the obligation to obey the law is not absolute. It was justifiably broken by those who helped runaway slaves in the American South, to mention only one possible parallel.

Should one break in and free the animals? That is illegal, but the obligation to obey the law is not absolute. It was justifiably broken by those who helped runaway slaves in the American South, to mention only one possible parallel.

मैं एक उपयोगितावादी (Utilitarian) हूँ, इसलिए मैं झूठ न बोलने के नियम को एक अटल नियम के रूप में नहीं देखता; यह हमेशा किसी ऐसे बड़े हित के अधीन होता है जो इसके पालन को रोक सकता है।

I'm a Utilitarian, so I don't see the rule against lying as absolute; it's always subject to some overriding utility which may prevent its exercise.

I'm a Utilitarian, so I don't see the rule against lying as absolute; it's always subject to some overriding utility which may prevent its exercise.

लंबे समय से जानवरों पर प्रयोग किए जाने का विरोध होता रहा है। यह विरोध ज्यादा आगे नहीं बढ़ पाया है क्योंकि प्रयोगशाला के लिए जानवर और उपकरण बेचकर मुनाफा कमाने वाली व्यावसायिक कंपनियों के समर्थन वाले शोधकर्ताओं ने, विधायकों और आम जनता को यह यकीन दिला दिया है कि यह विरोध उन नासमझ कट्टरपंथियों की तरफ से है जो जानवरों के हितों को इंसानों के हितों से ज्यादा अहमियत देते हैं।

There has been opposition to experimenting on animals for a long time. This opposition has made little headway because experimenters, backed by commercial firms that profit by supplying laboratory animals and equipment, have been able to convince legislators and the public that opposition comes from uninformed fanatics who consider the interests of animals more important than the interests of human beings.

There has been opposition to experimenting on animals for a long time. This opposition has made little headway because experimenters, backed by commercial firms that profit by supplying laboratory animals and equipment, have been able to convince legislators and the public that opposition comes from uninformed fanatics who consider the interests of animals more important than the interests of human beings.

यह कहना बकवास होगा कि सड़क पर लात मारकर भगाए जाने में किसी पत्थर का कोई हित प्रभावित नहीं होता... एक पत्थर का कोई हित नहीं होता क्योंकि वह दर्द महसूस नहीं कर सकता। हालांकि, दर्द और आनंद का अनुभव करने की क्षमता, हमारे यह कहने के लिए न केवल आवश्यक है, बल्कि पर्याप्त भी है कि किसी जीव के कुछ हित हैं - कम से कम, दर्द से मुक्त रहने का उसका एक हित तो जरूर है। उदाहरण के लिए, एक चूहे का इस बात में हित जरूर है कि उसे सड़क पर लात न मारी जाए, क्योंकि ऐसा करने पर उसे दर्द होगा।

It would be nonsense to say that it was not in the interests of a stone to be kicked along the road...A stone has no interests because it cannot suffer. The capacity for suffering and enjoyment is, however, not only necessary, but also sufficient for us to say that a being has interests - at an absolute minimum, an interest in not suffering. A mouse, for example, does have an interest in not being kicked along the road because it will suffer if it is.

It would be nonsense to say that it was not in the interests of a stone to be kicked along the road...A stone has no interests because it cannot suffer. The capacity for suffering and enjoyment is, however, not only necessary, but also sufficient for us to say that a being has interests - at an absolute minimum, an interest in not suffering. A mouse, for example, does have an interest in not being kicked along the road because it will suffer if it is.

मैं इस बात को समझ नहीं पाता कि आधुनिक खेती का प्रकृति से दूर-दूर तक कोई नाता कैसे हो सकता है। यह प्रकृति के साथ एक बहुत ही भद्दा खिलवाड़ है। मुझे लगता है कि इसे इस बात के मानकों से नियंत्रित किया जाना चाहिए कि यह व्यक्तिगत जानवरों को कैसे प्रभावित करती है, बिल्कुल वैसे ही जैसे हम इंसानों से जुड़ी संस्थाओं को इस आधार पर परखना चाहते हैं कि वे हर एक इंसान को कैसे प्रभावित करती हैं।

I don't understand the notion that modern farming is anything do to with nature. It's a pretty gross interference with nature. I think it ought to be governed by the standards of how it affects the individual animals, just as we'd want to deal with institutions that deal with humans by how they affect individual humans.

I don't understand the notion that modern farming is anything do to with nature. It's a pretty gross interference with nature. I think it ought to be governed by the standards of how it affects the individual animals, just as we'd want to deal with institutions that deal with humans by how they affect individual humans.

यह इस बात का प्रमाण है कि लोग आज उन जानवरों से कितने कट चुके हैं जिन्हें वे खाते हैं; कहानी की किताबों को पढ़कर बड़े होने वाले बच्चे जिनके मन में खेत की यह छवि होती है कि वह ऐसी जगह है जहाँ जानवर बिना किसी बंधन के खुले में रमणीय माहौल में घूमते हैं, वे शायद अपनी पूरी जिंदगी इस हसीन धोखे को सच मानते हुए ही बिता सकते हैं।

It is an indication of the extent to which people are now isolated from the animals they eat that children brought up on storybooks that lead them to think of a farm as a place where animals wander around freely in idyllic conditions might be able to live out their entire lives without ever being forced to revise this rosy image.

It is an indication of the extent to which people are now isolated from the animals they eat that children brought up on storybooks that lead them to think of a farm as a place where animals wander around freely in idyllic conditions might be able to live out their entire lives without ever being forced to revise this rosy image.

शाकाहारी बनना केवल एक प्रतीकात्मक इशारा भर नहीं है। और न ही यह दुनिया की कड़वी सच्चाइयों से खुद को अलग करने, खुद को पाक-साफ बनाए रखने और अपने आसपास फैली क्रूरता और कत्लेआम की जिम्मेदारी से बचने की कोई कोशिश है। शाकाहारी बनना एक बेहद व्यावहारिक और असरदार कदम है जो कोई भी इंसान जानवरों की हत्या और उन्हें दिए जाने वाले कष्टों को खत्म करने की दिशा में उठा सकता है।

Becoming a vegetarian is not merely a symbolic gesture. Nor is it an attempt to isolate oneself from the ugly realities of the world, to keep oneself pure and so without responsibility for the cruelty and carnage all around. Becoming a vegetarian is a highly practical and effective step one can take toward ending both the killing of nonhuman animals and the infliction of suffering on them.

Becoming a vegetarian is not merely a symbolic gesture. Nor is it an attempt to isolate oneself from the ugly realities of the world, to keep oneself pure and so without responsibility for the cruelty and carnage all around. Becoming a vegetarian is a highly practical and effective step one can take toward ending both the killing of nonhuman animals and the infliction of suffering on them.